Algae and cellulosic biofuel supported in U.S. federal tax act
The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) is expressing gratitude to the U.S. Congress for including extensions and modifications of the Second Generation Biofuel Producer Credit and the Special Allowance for Second Generation Biofuel Plant Property in final passage of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. The Act will incentivize investment in both cellulosic and algae biofuel production by renewing a $1.01 per gallon tax credit for producers and accelerated depreciation for newly constructed facilities during 2013, and modifying these credits to include algae. Said Brent Erickson, Executive Vice President of BIO’s Industrial and Environmental Section, in a Jan. 2 statement: “We thank Congress for extending the producer tax credit and bonus depreciation and enabling algae producers to qualify. Stability in such policies is crucial to maintaining private investment. We hope to work with Congress in the coming year to extend and maintain additional policies that support this innovation, such as a strong energy title in any upcoming Farm Bill, and the Renewable Fuel Standard.”
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Petri dishes of Solazyme's tailored algae strains.
U.S. DOE reinforces its commitment to advanced batteries for EVs with new technology Hub
The U.S. Department of Energy on Nov. 30 announced it will establish a major advanced-battery research center on the campus of Argonne National Laboratory outside Chicago. The Batteries and Energy Storage Hub, also called the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR). Establishment of the Hub is tied to the award of DOE funding of up to $120 million for a research team led by Argonne and consisting of additional national labs, universities, and private companies, the latter consisting of Dow Chemical Co., Applied Materials Inc., Johnson Controls Inc., and Clean Energy Trust. JCESR will integrate independent research being done by the participating entities into a coordinated effort. It is the fourth Hub established by the DOE since 2010 (the others address nuclear energy, building efficiency, and fuels derived from sunlight), and like the others it is modeled on the "strong scientific management characteristics of the Manhattan Project" and similarly renowned enterprises. Research will apply to multiple industries, not just automotive.
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Argonne scientist Ira Bloom examines a metallographic sample using an optical microscope to determine its microstructure in the laboratory's Battery Post-Test Facility. This information helps researchers learn what chemical and physical changes have occurred during the aging of battery materials.
Motiv ePCS to power heavy electric trucks in Chicago
San Francisco Bay Area-based startup Motiv Power Systems has been chosen to supply its scalable electric Powertrain Control System (ePCS) to the City of Chicago for 20 all-electric garbage trucks, under an exclusive five-year, $13.4 million contract. The City of Chicago operates 600 garbage trucks in total. The ePCS uses off-the-shelf batteries and motors that can be configured to power medium-duty to Class 8 heavy-duty EV trucks, weighing from 15,000 to 52,000 lb (6800 to 23,500 kg). This design approach can cut operating costs by 50% over an eight-year period, according to Motiv. The company, which was founded in 2009, has been validating its ePCS since March 2012 with an all-electric pilot bus. Funded by a grant from the California Energy Commission, the 20-passenger bus contains five battery packs (125 kW·h) providing a range of more than 120 mi (193 km) on a single charge. The Motiv EV refuse trucks planned for Chicago will use the same ePCS system as the pilot bus, but with a larger motor and 10 battery packs, and will also employ an electric motor to drive the hydraulics system. Motiv will work with partner Detroit Chassis to install the ePCS onto a standard refuse chassis; Loadmaster will provide the truck bodies. Weighing 52,000 lb (23,500 kg), the EV refuse trucks will reportedly have a range of more than 60 mi (97 km), with a total energy storage of 200 kW·h. (Go to www.sae.org/mags/sohe/11486 to read about another recent electrified refuse truck project.)
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Weighing 52,000 lb, the Motiv-powered electric refuse trucks in Chicago will have a range of more than 60 mi (97 km), with a total energy storage of 200 kW·h.
SAE International seeks input on CO2 as a referigerant
In response to a recent press statement from Germany that CO2 is the "right" automotive air-conditioning refrigerant, SAE International President Frank O. Klegon invites all automobile manufacturers to join in an industry collaborative effort to fully evaluate CO2 in such use. He said SAE International has unquestioned expertise in the research, analysis, and application of a variety of automotive refrigerants. In the past decade, more than 10 major SAE Cooperative Research Program (CRP) projects have provided forums for subject matter experts from around the industry to meet, discuss, and agree on advantages and disadvantages of various alternative refrigerants, as well as the management of accompanying risks. "The implementation of CO2 as an automotive refrigerant is not without technical challenges," said Klegon. The U.S. EPA has published its concerns regarding the use of CO2 as a mobile air conditioning refrigerant for passenger cars. The full EPA report can be accessed here. OEMs wishing to join a new SAE CRP to further investigate CO2 should contact Gary Pollak at 1-724-772-7196 or gary@sae.org.
SAE introduces certification for engineers involved in vehicle electrification
SAE International announced Nov. 14 that it will implement a personnel certification program that enables engineers, product development technicians, and associated personnel to earn a certificate of competency or certification in the area of vehicle electrification (VE). Through a process that engaged a group of auto industry subject-matter experts, a VE body of knowledge was developed and segmented into three distinct levels to meet the needs of specific personnel. Exam questions were generated to align with the body of knowledge to address each of the three levels. The VE Fundamentals and Safety Certificate of Competency is designed for individuals who require training and validation of knowledge in general electrified vehicle architectures, basic electricity and electronics, and critical safety precautions and procedures. Job roles include manufacturing personnel, procurement, sales, management, and engineering undergraduate students. This credential requires completing an online training course and passing an online exam. The VE Professional Certification level, due to launch in February 2013, is designed for individuals to validate mastery of knowledge in general VE safety and all major VE systems. Job roles include engineers, technicians, and other technical personnel assigned to electrified vehicle platforms but not involved with direct design of VE systems. Passing an online exam results in certification that remains in force for three years. The VE Engineer/Scientist Certification level will launch in March 2013 and is for individuals to validate mastery of knowledge in the science and design of all major VE systems. Job roles include engineers and R&D scientists engaged in focused research or product design of VE systems such as battery packs, motors, power electronics, and systems integration. Passing an online exam also results in certification that remains in force for three years.
Gentherm to adapt passenger-car thermoelectric generator to heavy vehicles
Gentherm has received a $1.55 million contract modification from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to apply the technology in its thermoelectric generator (TEG) for passenger cars to a similar program for heavy vehicles. The TEG technology, which converts waste heat from gas exhaust into electric energy, has the potential to improve passenger-car fuel efficiency by as much as 5%, the company claims. The grant is an add-on to the $8 million award from the DOE in August 2011 for converting thermoelectric heat to power for passenger cars and extends the technology to heavy military vehicles. With this new project, the U.S. Army Tank Automotive, Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) becomes a key partner to Gentherm, joining passenger-car partners Ford and BMW. With completion expected by early 2015, the project will scale up the fully functional passenger-car TEG (working prototypes have been delivered to BMW and Ford) and integrate it with a 15-L diesel engine to provide fuel economy improvement and ignition-off auxiliary power for combat vehicles. This add-on leverages the existing program technology for large diesel engines, providing a new solution for military heavy vehicles, Class 8 trucks, marine, and industrial power generating equipment.
Other related articles include: http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/10647 and http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/7916.
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Gentherm's automotive thermoelectric generator (shown), which converts unused waste heat to electricity, is now being scaled up to suit heavy vehicles.
Tier 4 small diesels coming from MHI
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has announced the production schedule for its new Tier 4 small diesel engines in the output range of 19 to 74 kW (25 to 99 hp). The Tier 4 compliant D03CJ and D04CJ will begin production in 2013; the Tier 4 interim D04EG is currently available, and the Tier 4 final version will be available in 2015. These engines will be suitable for a variety of construction, agricultural, and industrial equipment, such as compressors, generators, welders, off-highway equipment, material handling, etc.
Compared to the previous Tier 3 compliant models being replaced, the D03CJ (1.655 L) and D04CJ (2.207 L) offer a smaller displacement, while output has been increased. The three-cylinder D03CJ produces up to 41 kW (55 hp) and 165 N·m (122 lb·ft) at 1800 rpm. The four-cylinder D04CJ produces a maximum of 55 kW (74 hp) and 230 N·m (170 lb·ft) at 1800 rpm. Fuel efficiency is reportedly 16% better than the previous engines.
The new Tier 4 interim, four-cylinder D04EG (3.331 L) delivers up to 74 kW (99 hp) and 375 N·m at 1600 rpm, with a power density of 0.22 kW/L. Compared with the Tier 3 engine it replaces, the D04EG offers 12% improved fuel economy. To achieve Tier 4 final compliance in the 57- to 74-kW (76- to 99-hp) range, MHI currently plans to incorporate a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system.
All three new engine models are equipped with high-performance turbochargers, manufactured at the same plant that the engines are produced. Combined with a new optimized common-rail system, the engines achieve an enhanced power density that increases output up to 50% compared with the previous Tier 3 compliant engines, MHI claims.
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The D03CJ (pictured) and D04CJ both feature an optimized common-rail system with a diesel particulate filter (DPF) and diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for Tier 4 compliance.
Eaton, NREL team to reduce hybrid-electric-vehicle battery size
Eaton Corp. is developing a power control system for hybrid-electric vehicles (from passenger cars to commercial vehicles) with the goal of reducing by 50% the size of the battery needed. The company on Aug. 27 announced that the work is part of a $2.8 million project funded jointly by Eaton and the U.S. Department of Energy, the latter of which is contributing $2 million. The project is being led by Eaton's Innovation Center team in Southfield, MI, which will work with a team from the DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)—the former offering expertise in intelligent power management and the latter expertise in battery modeling and prognostics. Specifically, the project aims to significantly downsize the battery through a combination of duty-cycle learning and model-based supervisory optimal control design. Using advanced physics-based battery models developed in partnership with NREL, the hybrid vehicle supervisory controller dynamically balances fuel economy and the health of the downsized battery pack to maximize vehicle performance while minimizing the impact on battery life.
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Using advanced physics-based battery models developed in partnership with NREL, the hybrid vehicle supervisory controller dynamically balances fuel economy and the health of the downsized battery pack.
Cummins broadens SCR dosing via Hilite acquisition
Cummins Inc. has acquired the emissions control assets of Hilite International in Marktheidenfeld, Germany, and made them part of Cummins Emission Solution (CES), positioning the company to serve all major market applications with a Cummins doser. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) dosing system developed by Hilite will complement existing Cummins aftertreatment technology, including controls, sensors, catalysts, substrates, and packaging. As part of the acquisition, 133 former Hilite employees have joined Cummins; for now, the business will continue to operate from the plant at Marktheidenfeld. “This acquisition puts Cummins in a strong position to meet the needs of current customers and grow into new markets, especially as an increasing number of regions around the world adopt tougher emissions standards,” said Srikanth Padmanabhan, Vice President and General Manager of CES.
San Fran gets its first public hydrogen fueling station (video)
In a boost to the future of fuel-cell technology, Linde North America has announced operations start-up of the first public hydrogen fueling station in the San Francisco Bay area. It offers fueling at 350 and 700 bar, the latter providing a refill time for a fuel-cell bus comparable to that of a diesel bus. Located in Emeryville, the station is one of two being supplied by Linde to AC Transit, which is a coalition of regional transport partners serving 7 million people in the Bay Area. The other station, in Oakland, is expected to begin operations in 2013. The Emeryville station was unveiled in a dedication ceremony April 10. It serves 12 fuel-cell buses operated by AC Transit, as well as privately owned fuel-cell passenger vehicles. (See video of the station here.)
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With technology from Linde North America, the station can dispense hydrogen at up to 5 kg/min (11 lb/min)—comparable to the rate at which diesel buses are refueled. The facility also features hydrogen production capability.
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