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This SAE Recommended Practice provides definitions, taxonomy, and characteristics for DA metrics used to quantify the driving performance of ADS-operated vehicles. Here, the primary focus is on the safety-related driving performance, which is considered to be related to completion of the dynamic driving task (DDT) . Driving performance is a subset of overall operational performance of ADS-operated vehicles. Thus, assessments of cybersecurity, maintenance, interactions with passengers, etc., while important, are out of scope for this document. Note that the DA metrics do not specify the actions and/or maneuvers to be executed by the subject vehicle. A literature review of DA metrics that have been proposed and, in some cases, used in previous studies was conducted. From this literature review, a set of DA metrics has been created with example usage. Evidence of prior research indicating that a metric has a relationship with safety outcome(s) is included where applicable.

Dust testing of vehicles on unpaved roads is crucial in the development process for automotive manufacturers. These tests aim to ensure the functionality of locking systems in dusty conditions, minimize dust concentration inside the vehicle, and enhance customer comfort by preventing dust accumulation on the car body. Additionally, deposition on safety-critical parts, such as windshields and sensors, can pose threats to driver vision and autonomous driving capabilities. Currently, dust tests are primarily conducted experimentally at proving grounds. In order to gain early insights and reduce the need for costly physical tests, numerical simulations are becoming a promising alternative. Although simulations of vehicle contamination by dry dust have been studied in the past, they have often lacked detailed models for tire dust resuspension. In addition, few publications address the specifics of dust deposition on vehicles, especially in areas such as door gaps and locks.

Adhesively bonded joints have been applied in the automotive industry for the past few decades due to their advantages such as higher fatigue resistance, light weight, capability of joining dissimilar materials, good energy absorption, and high torsional stiffness for overall body structure. They also provide an effective seal against noise and vibration at a low cost. There exists the challenge of defining the fatigue characteristics of adhesive joints under cyclic loading conditions, and conventional methods have limitations in detecting the crack initiation of a bonded joint. This study introduces a method of detecting crack initiation by using the frequency method. It is found that stiffness change in the system is highly correlated to change in natural frequencies. By monitoring the change in natural frequencies, the crack initiation can be detected.

The upcoming Euro 7 emission standard requires continuous tracking - or On-Board Monitoring (OBM) - of exhaust pollutant emissions. An OBM system though, has higher uncertainty than a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) due to the limited accuracy of the exhaust sensors compared to gas analyzers, cold start emissions, and variation in on-road vehicle usage. According to the proposed Euro 7 implementing regulation, the OBM system compliance should be checked in conjunction with the In-Service Conformity (ISC) PEMS testing. The criteria for the OBM system compliance will be the average OBM deviation (¿) from the PEMS values and its spread in deviations (s). The current study analyses the sources of OBM system uncertainty, estimates its levels and simulates the OBM ISC result and the corresponding OBM ISC failure rate during the OBM system compliance procedure.

I aim to discuss the Zone Controller's (ZC) role in On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) from a supplier perspective. Observing the previous OBD symposium, it became evident that the ZC's significance in OBD is widely unknown in the OBD community. My intention is to explain ZCs function in vehicle architecture, their relevance to OBD and the challenges in achieving OBD compliance. Zone Controllers are designed for various functionalities such as comfort, lights, chassis, climate management, and powertrain. When quoted, the specific use of each physical interface is unknown, particularly regarding its impact on emissions. Our objective is to rapidly and effectively develop and industrialized ZCs that comply with OBD legislation, even without precise knowledge of their emission impact. The presentation will emphasize the steps taken in our projects to achieve this goal: 1. Process: We adopt the V-Cycle development process, identifying the OBD relevance of the project early on.

Upcoming ICE emission legislations for different markets (e.g. EU, US,China) will continue to focus on the monitoring of vehicles with high pollutant emissions . The upcoming EU7 emission legislation is not finalized yet but based on the current positions of the European Commission, Council and Parliament the on-board monitoring (OBM) of tailpipe trip emissions is expected to be required. For gasoline vehicle applications the implementation of a tailpipe NOx sensor will be necessary to measure the NOx and NH3 emission. The cold start phase especially during the winter period is challenging due to longer time until sensor dew point release and the potential share of total trip emissions. Especially deteriorated components (e.g. catalyst light-off shift or other coldstart-related peculiarities) can cause an increase of tailpipe emissions significantly.

On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) system regulations were first developed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the European Commission. After the introduction, OBD regulations have been adopted by many countries around the world, typically implementing either US CARB/EPA OBD or EURO OBD. The handout exhibits the comprehensive collection of OBD regulations around the world, while the presentation during the symposium focuses on the changes in regulations and recent developments since the last presentation (September 2023 SAE OBD Symposium - Americas). The presentation will also give an update of activities from the SAE Worldwide OBD Regulations task force.

Europe's striving for reduced CO2 fleet emissions of heavy duty commercial vehicles influences future powertrain architectures. The use of CO2-free drives as battery electric have been demonstrated for various applications. Also for HD trucks BEVs will be an important contributor to achieve the 2025 fleet targets of 15% compared to the 2019 reference. Starting with the year 2030 significantly more stringent targets will be in place, currently -45% is in discussion. This draws the attention to Hydrogen. For many manufacturer the hydrogen engine (H2 ICE) is the faster and more cost efficient option over a fuel cell electric vehicle. In the last years AVL did conduct several performance and emission development projects on different hydrogen engines. One of the most essential project enablers has been the AVL RPEMS (rapid prototype engine management system).

The following presentation illustrates the advantages of using a Vehicle-in-the-Loop (ViL) approach for PVE testing of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) regarding the topics of ADAS, safety, cybersecurity, energy, and diagnostics. This encompasses the system's boundary conditions and useful test cases. The growing complexity of modern vehicle systems is evident in an increasing number of legal requirements. Currently, all OBD functions that are legally relevant are described and documented in a summary sheet. The completeness of this documentation is verified in preliminary tests at the OEM on the entire system (vehicle) to ensure full functionality. These documents are then submitted to the relevant authorities. The presented concept is based on the assumption that this process will be expanded to cover the functionalities of ADAS, cyber security, safety, energy, and diagnostics of the electric drive system.

Artificial Intelligence as a special branch of Data Science is a rapidly growing application in nearly all fields of development and technology. In various fields of diagnosis for example it enables fast classification in higher dimensional space to significantly improve distinguishability of the diagnosis. In this talk we will give an overview of applied Data Science in On-Board Diagnostics in classical combustion engines, ranging from catalyst diagnosis to gasoline tank diagnosis and the OBM-relevant separation between NOx and NH3. In all these application fields we demonstrate an improvement of accuracy gained by Data Science-based methods. These methods can be easily transferred to arbitrary fields of diagnostics and predictive health maintenance.