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Abstract Fully flexible valve actuation (FFVA) is a key enabling technology of internal engine combustion research and development. Two laboratory electro-hydraulic FFVA systems have been developed and implemented in R&D test cells. These FFVA systems were designed using repetitive control (RC), which is based on internal model principle (IMP), for constant engine speed operation. With the engine operating in a steady-state condition, the valve profile input is periodic. This can be accommodated by a repetitive controller, which provides the function of flexible control to step changes in valve lift, valve opening duration, and cam phase angle position. During engine speed transients, as the valve reference trajectory becomes aperiodic in the time domain, the controllers based on the linear time invariant (LTI) IMP, such as RC, are no longer applicable. Engine speed transient control is a desired function to engine research and other similar applications, such as motor control.

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This document applies to laser proponents involved with the use of laser systems outdoors. It may be used in conjunction with AS4970, ARP5535, and ARP5572 and the ANSI Z136 series of laser safety standards.

Abstract In this article, an improved brake cooling simulation method is introduced. By this method, the vehicle parameters, such as weight, height of the center of gravity, wheelbase, and the like can be included to calculate the braking thermal load under different operating conditions. The effect of the brake kinetic energy regeneration (BKER) on the braking thermal load can also be calculated by this method. The calculated braking thermal load is then input to a coupled 3D simulation model to conduct flow and thermal simulation to calculate brake disc temperature. It is demonstrated that by this simulation method, the difference between the brake disc temperatures obtained from simulation and vehicle test can be controlled below 5%.