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This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides insights on how to perform a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) to determine the Return on Investment (ROI) that would result from implementing a blockchain solution to a new or an existing business process. The word “blockchain” refers to a method of documenting when data transactions occur using a distributed ledger with desired immutable qualities. ...The scope of the current document is on enterprise blockchain which gives the benefit of standardized cryptography, legal enforceability and regulatory compliance. ...This document is intended for people who do not have a deep technical understanding or familiarity with blockchain solutions to qualify and quantify its economic benefits (i.e., the value proposition).

Second, we demonstrate the working of the application using raspberry pi board that act as vehicles mounted with sensors and two computers that act as blockchain network. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain based vehicular communication and the integration of the blockchain with VANET as well. ...These threats and challenges can be addressed by using the Blockchain (BC) technology, where each transaction is logged in a decentralized immutable BC ledger. ...First, we developed an application for the blockchain based less-complex Proof-of-Work consensus method that allows the vehicles to transfer information in a secured manner.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) focuses on opportunities, challenges, and requirements in use of blockchain for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) operating at and below 400 feet above ground level (AGL) for commercial use. ...Blockchain—defined as a distributed ledger technology that includes enterprise blockchain—can help address some of these challenges. Blockchain technology is evolving and also poses certain concerns in adoption. This AIR provides information on the current UAS challenges and how these challenges can be addressed by deploying blockchain technology along with identified areas of concern when using this technology. ...This AIR provides information on the current UAS challenges and how these challenges can be addressed by deploying blockchain technology along with identified areas of concern when using this technology. The scope of this AIR includes elicitation of key requirements for blockchain in UAS across its life cycle and the need for the standardization of blockchain-enabled processes.

Bitcoin and other digital currencies utilize blockchain. Blockchain, in summary, is a collection of blocks. Within each block is a collection of transactions. ...As part of the blockchain technology, the nodes are responsible for decision-making. The blockchain technology may be used for this function in these systems.

UAS faces many challenges in certification, airspace management, operations, supply chain, and maintenance. Blockchain, defined as a distributed ledger technology for the enterprise that features immutability, traceability, automation, data privacy, and security, can help address some of these challenges. ...However, blockchain also has certain challenges and is still evolving. Hence it is essential to study on how blockchain can help UAS. ...Hence it is essential to study on how blockchain can help UAS. G-31 technical committee of SAE International responsible for electronic transactions for aerospace has published AIR 7356 [1] entitled Opportunities, Challenges and Requirements for use of Blockchain in Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operating below 400ft above ground level for Commercial Use.

One of the common use cases is replacing paper records as a proof of compliance with a blockchain enabled distributed ledger. Commonly available open source blockchain frameworks have security ingrained in the components. ...Blockchain as a technology has been successfully deployed in the financial industry. As the technology continues to mature, there are opportunities to use this to solve operational challenges in Aerospace. ...However, replacing paper records with a blockchain based distributed ledger will require investigation of potential risks involved in the end to end usage of this technology for records management.

This article introduces a blockchain framework to detect unauthorized modifications to vehicle ECUs. A proof of concept blockchain prototype framework is implemented on a set of microprocessors (comparable to those used by simple ECUs) as a means to assess the efficacy of using our blockchain approach to detect unauthorized updates. ...A proof of concept blockchain prototype framework is implemented on a set of microprocessors (comparable to those used by simple ECUs) as a means to assess the efficacy of using our blockchain approach to detect unauthorized updates. ...A proof of concept blockchain prototype framework is implemented on a set of microprocessors (comparable to those used by simple ECUs) as a means to assess the efficacy of using our blockchain approach to detect unauthorized updates.

Technology that augments, rather than replaces, is needed to transform these complex systems into efficient, digital processes. Blockchain technology offers collaborative opportunities for solving some of the data problems that have long challenged the industry. ...Walthall examines how blockchain technology could impact the aerospace industry and addresses some of the unsettled concerns surrounding its implementation.

Ganache blockchain test network was employed to host the blockchain network and test the operation of the proposed blockchain model. ...The suitability of the model is validated in real-time using a UAV and all the flight data are captured and uploaded into the blockchain. The model was executed successfully, and the data uploaded in the blockchain is found to be in line with the developed model. ...To improve the security and the trust of such aerial transportation systems, Blockchain can be used as a potential technology to manage, operate and monitor the entire process.

One such technology for recording electronic transactions securely is Blockchain, defined as distributed ledger technologies which includes enterprise blockchain. Blockchain is not widely used in the aerospace industry due to lack of technical understanding and questions about its benefits. ...Assessment and establishment of business case for implementing blockchain based solution is needed. The aerospace industry is very conservative when it comes to technology adoption and hence it is difficult to change legacy processes. ...The technology is advancing at a faster rate and applies across geographies under various regulatory oversight which makes blockchain based solution implementation challenging. G-31 electronic transactions for aerospace standards committee of SAE International has conducted a study on determination of cost benefits from implementing a blockchain solution.

We implement a consortium blockchain infrastructure, as opposed to a fully public blockchain (similar to the blockchain underlying Bitcoin) which is arguably not real-time or well suited for this safety-critical application. ...Industry stakeholders are particularly looking forward to refining status quo contract management and vehicle maintenance processes through blockchains. However, the use of blockchain technology for enhancing vehicle performance in fleets, especially while considering the fact that modern-day intelligent vehicles are prone to cyber security threats, is an area that has attracted less attention. ...In the past, research on blockchain technology has addressed security and privacy concerns within intelligent transportation systems for critical V2I and V2V communications that form the backbone of Internet of Vehicles.

UAS faces many challenges in certification, airspace management, operations, supply chain, and maintenance. Blockchain, defined as a distributed ledger technology for the enterprise that features immutability, traceability, automation, data privacy, and security, can help address some of these challenges. ...However, blockchain also has certain drawbacks and, additionally, it is still not fully mature. Hence it is essential to study how blockchain can help UAS. ...Hence it is essential to study how blockchain can help UAS. This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) presents the current opportunities, challenges of UAS operating at or below 400 ft Above Ground Level (AGL) altitude for commercial use and how blockchain can help meet these challenges.

In order to provide the secure charging environment, blockchain technology framework is proposed along with appropriate cyber security algorithm where ever required.

The weird world of cryptocurrency exists because of the intense mathematics of blockchain technology. The mobility sector is looking beyond Bitcoin to put blockchain to work in potentially game-changing ways. ...The mobility sector is looking beyond Bitcoin to put blockchain to work in potentially game-changing ways. Are Blockchain and 'Smart Contracts' the Secure Future? Legal risk and reward of blockchain and smart contracts as a prescription for automotive applications Software Building Blocks for AV Systems Elektrobit's unique software framework is designed to smooth development of automated driving functions. ...Editorial V2Reality Blockchain Unchained! The weird world of cryptocurrency exists because of the intense mathematics of blockchain technology.

These attacks can be prevented using the Blockchain technology, where each transaction is logged in a decentralized immutable Blockchain ledger. ...But the use of Blockchain Platforms such as Ethereum has various drawbacks like scalability which makes it infeasible for connected car system.

Fog computing distributes data in a decentralized way and blockchain also works on the principle of decentralization. Blockchain, as a decentralized database, uses cryptographic methods including hash functions and public key encryption to secure the user information. ...We provide blockchain security in UAV-based fog computing to secure a large volume of data. The communicated data is stored in the form of blocks with hash functions, which guarantee security in the network. ...Thus, the aim of blockchain security is to guarantee that any hostile third party cannot corrupt or change the live missions or tasks allocated to actual UAV–Fog nodes.

The proposed black box architecture is both layered and diffuse, employing distributed hash tables (DHT), a parity system and a public blockchain to provide high resilience, assurance, scalability, and efficiency for automotive and other high-assurance systems.

This industry-academia collaborative work studies the benefits and challenges associated with the use of distributed ledger (or blockchain) technology toward preventing counterfeiting in the presence of malicious supply-chain parties. ...We illustrate that the provision of a distributed and append-only ledger jointly governed by supply-chain parties themselves makes permissioned blockchains such as Hyperledger Fabric a promising approach toward mitigating counterfeiting. Meanwhile, we demonstrate that the privacy of supply-chain parties can be preserved as competing supply-chain parties strive to protect their businesses from the prying eyes of competitors and counterparties. ...Besides, we show that the recall process can be achieved efficiently with the help of the blockchain. The proposed solution, Fordchain, overcomes the challenges to achieve the best of both worlds: a solution to the counterfeiting problem using distributed ledger technology while providing accountability and the privacy notions of interest for supply-chain parties.

Though piloted with some centralized control related to the centralized issuance of qualifications, the paper describes how blockchain technology in this application could allow a consortium of companies to manage such a database in a decentralized structure like a decentralized autonomous organization.

The integrated use of rapidly evolving technology (Blockchain, IoT, Artificial Intelligence, 5G Cellular Technology and Mobile Edge Computing) is facilitating an integrated more industry cooperative approach enabling this progressive disintermediation.