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This paper will also describe emerging materials such as graphene and some of its applications to enhance the performance of current technologies It is easy become enamored with the composite big parts built for trains, planes, automobiles, ships, and wind turbine blades.

This master report summarizing and forecasting every sector of the EV industry remains unique. It adds new sectors as they become substantial, the latest being car-like micro-EVs homologated as quadricycles in Europe. Many profitable niches are emerging just as the largest major sectors are changing in importance; the industrial and commercial sector is now bigger and much more profitable than e-cars, and is set to remain so for at least eight more years. All components are changing with supercapacitors sometimes replacing or partly replacing batteries and also new types of battery, energy harvesting, power electronics and structure powering growth. Disruptive change is now the norm and the fruits of all this are truly spectacular; including such things as the Marian fast- surface boat that acts as a submarine when necessary, the fixed-wing plane that will stay aloft for five years on sunshine and the flying jet ski.

Half the electric vehicle market value lies in larger road vehicles, notably cars, and here the legal restrictions are weaker or non-existent, and range anxiety compels most people to buy hybrids if they go electric at all. Over eight million hybrid cars will be made in 2025, each with a range extender, the additional power source that distinguishes them from pure electric cars. Add to that significant money spent on the same devices in buses, military vehicles, boats and so on and a major new market emerges. Whereas today's range extenders usually consist of little more than off- the- shelf internal combustion engines, these are rapidly being replaced by second- generation range extenders consisting of piston engines designed from scratch for fairly constant load. However, a more radical departure is the third- generation micro turbines and fuel cells that work at constant load.

The electric vehicle industry - land, water and air - is rapidly rising to become a market of over $533 billion by 2025. Some run entirely on harvested energy as with solar lake boats. Others recycle energy as with regenerative braking of cars, buses and military vehicles harvesting kinetic energy. Others use different forms of harvesting either to charge the traction batteries, or to drive autonomous device. In some cases, harvesting is making completely new forms of electric vehicle possible such as "glider" Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) that can stay at sea for years, gaining electricity from both wave power and sunshine. Multiple forms of energy harvesting on one vehicle are becoming more common from cars to superyachts.