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The performance of the whole aircraft must be considered by examining the dynamic interactions between the power, propulsion, and airframe subsystems. Larger loading demands placed on the power and propulsion subsystems result in thrust, speed, and altitude transients that affect the aircraft performance and capability. ...As aircraft continue to increase their power and thermal demands, transient operation of the power and propulsion subsystems can no longer be neglected at the aircraft system level. The performance of the whole aircraft must be considered by examining the dynamic interactions between the power, propulsion, and airframe subsystems. ...This paper investigates the possibility of using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) power extraction with real time simulation of the airframe and propulsion subsystems. This method captures the interdependency of engine performance during transient shaft loading (to produce electrical power) and aircraft system-level changes that result from the same power extraction.

These subsystems directly affect the behavior of the power and propulsion systems and can no longer be neglected or assumed linear in system analyses. The complex models designed to integrate new capabilities have a high computational cost. ...These results validate the capability of HIL experimentation and provide the opportunity for significant future propulsion configuration studies with minimal cost.

These subsystems directly affect the behavior of the power and propulsion systems and can no longer be neglected or assumed linear in system analyses. The complex models designed to integrate new capabilities have a high computational cost.