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This paper reviews the findings of a study commissioned by the California Department of Transportation to evaluate the potential of infrared and passive millimeter-wave imaging technologies for traffic surveillance and automated detection. Images formed from radiation at infrared and millimeter wavelengths are characterized by fundamentally different information compared with visible-spectrum images, and generally improved ability to penetrate obscured atmospheres such as fog or dust. Ten examples of commercially available infrared (IR) imaging technologies and one experimental passive millimeter-wave (MMW) radiometric imaging apparatus were evaluated with respect to the specific requirements of highway monitoring and traffic management. A suite of traffic images and performance-related test data were acquired for each imaging system over a range of traffic and environmental conditions.