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A total of 93 tests were conducted in daytime conditions to evaluate the effect on the Time to Collision (TTC), emergency braking, and avoidance rates of the Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) provided by a 2022 Tesla Model 3 against a 4ActivePA adult static pedestrian target. Variables that were evaluated included the vehicle speed on approach, pedestrian offsets, pedestrian clothing, and user-selected FCW settings. As a part of the Tesla’s Collision Avoidance AssistTM, these user-selected FCW settings change the timing of the issuance of the visual and/or audible warning provided. This testing evaluated the Tesla at speeds of 25 and 35 miles per hour (mph) versus a stationary pedestrian target in early, medium, and late FCW settings. Testing was also conducted with a 50% pedestrian offset and 75% offset conditions relative to the right side of the Tesla.

Abstract Compared to other age groups, older adults are at more significant risk of hip fracture when they fall. In addition to the higher risk of falls for the elderly, fear of falls can reduce this population’s outdoor activity. Various preventive solutions have been proposed to reduce the risk of hip fractures ranging from wearable hip protectors to indoor flooring systems. A previously developed rubberized asphalt mixture demonstrated the potential to reduce the risk of head injury. In the current study, the capability of the rubberized asphalt sample was evaluated for the risk of hip fracture for an average elderly male and an average elderly female. A previously developed human body model was positioned in a fall configuration that would give the highest impact forces toward regular asphalt.

To harmonize and define terminology associated with occupant protection for children for vehicle manufacturers and child restraint manufacturers in the United States and Canada.

The car door handle is an essential component of any vehicle, as it plays a crucial role in providing access to the cabin and ensuring safety of the passenger. The primary function of the car door handle is to allow entry and exit from the vehicle while preventing unauthorized access. In addition to this, car door handles also play a critical role in ensuring passenger safety by keeping the door closed during accidents or when there is a significant amount of G-force acting on the vehicle. A typical car door handle comprises several components including the structure, cover, bowden lever, bracket, pins and other child parts. The structure provides the ergonomics and rigidity for grabbing the handle, while the cover gives the handle an aesthetic appearance. The Bowden lever facilitates the unlatching of the door and the intermediate parts ensure that the handle operates smoothly.

Abstract Rib fractures are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Improved methods to assess rib bone quality are needed to identify at-risk populations. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) can be used to calculate volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), which may be related to rib fracture risk. The objective of this study was to determine if vBMD and BMC from QCT predict human rib structural properties. 127 mid-level (5th–7th) ribs were obtained from adult female (n = 67) and male (n = 60) postmortem human subjects (PMHS). Isolated rib QCT scans were performed to calculate vBMD and BMC.

Abstract Analysis of Kinetic Metrics in Submarining vs Non-Submarining Conditions for a 6YO Pediatric Human Body Model in Frontal Impacts

Abstract Pyrotechnic seat belt pretensioners typically remove 8–15 cm of belt slack and help couple an occupant to the seat. Our study investigated pretensioner deployment on forward-leaning, live volunteers. The forward-leaning position was chosen because research indicates that passengers frequently depart from a standard sitting position. Characteristics of the 3D kinematics of forward-leaning volunteers following pretensioner deployment determines if body size is correlated with subject response. Nine adult subjects (three female), ages 18–43 years old, across a wide range of body sizes (50–120 kg) were tested. The age was limited to young, active adults as pyrotechnic pretensioners can deliver a notable force to the trunk. Subjects assumed a forward-leaning position, with 26 cm between C7 and the headrest, in a laboratory setting that replicated the passenger seat of a vehicle.

This title includes the technical papers developed for the 2022 Stapp Car Crash Conference, the premier forum for the presentation of research in impact biomechanics, human injury tolerance, and related fields, advancing the knowledge of land-vehicle crash injury protection. The conference provides an opportunity to participate in open discussion about the causes and mechanisms of injury, experimental methods and tools for use in impact biomechanics research, and the development of new concepts for reducing injuries and fatalities in automobile crashes.

Side door latches in an automotive play a major role in occupants’ safety. The latches consist of both retention assembly and actuator assembly. The actuator assembly majorly consists of motor, gear & other components and these are protected through a Plastic Lower case and Housing. The Lower case (over-mold) with the Electrical Component Carrier - ECC (pre-mold) plays an important role in providing electrical power supply to the latch system. Since these parts are manufactured with terminal traces & plastics, upfront mold flow simulations help the product teams to evaluate the short fills, warpage, and other quality aspects in the critical areas of these components. In the part assembly station, the ECC (pre-mold) and the Lower case (over-mold) are connected to the Motor on one side and the Connector on the other. The proper alignment of the pre-mold pins is of great importance and the pre-mold must not be externally visible once the molding is complete.

Remote Monitoring and Teleoperation (RMTO) of Autonomous Vehicles (AV) is advancing rapidly in the industry. Researchers and industrial partners explore the role RMTO plays in helping AV navigate complicated situations, among many others. At the heart of this lies the problem of potential pathways and attack vectors or threat surfaces by which a malicious attack can be carried out on an RMTO and an AV. The separation of cybersecurity considerations in RMTO is barely considered, as so far, most available research and activities are mainly focused on AV. The main focus of this paper is addressing RMTO cybersecurity utilising an adaptable security-by-design approach, although security-by-design is still in the infant state within automotive cybersecurity. An adaptable security-by-design approach for RMTO covers Security Engineering Life-cycle, Logical Security Layered Concept, and Security Architecture.

This user’s manual covers the Hybrid III 3-year old child test dummy. The manual is intended for use by technicians who work with this test device. It covers the construction and clothing, assembly and disassembly, available instrumentation, external dimensions and segment masses, as well as certification and inspection test procedures. It includes guidelines for handling accelerometers, guidelines for flesh repair, and joint adjustment procedures. Finally, it includes drawings for some of the test equipment that is unique to this dummy.

Abstract As pedestrians are among the most critical road users, this research analyzes their vulnerability characteristics and predicts the injury severity of pedestrian crashes through decision tree techniques, rather than using statistical regression models that have particular predefined causal relationships between dependent and independent variables. Five years have been studied in Nablus Governorate/Province (2012–2016), one of 16 governorates in Palestine, as a case study based on reported crash frequencies for developing countries. Tree techniques (CART [Classification and Regression Tree] and CHAID [Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detector]) were applied to extract the main impacting factors on injury severity for pedestrian crashes. The main contributions considered a small regional context in developing countries and found differences between the results of various methods in injury severity. Fourteen independent variables have been analyzed.

Though there are active safety features in the passenger cars, unfortunately not all accidents are avoidable. Airbags are the passive safety feature which avoid occupants in colliding with the car interiors and help to mitigate the fatal injuries. Trend and interest in the recent times is to study the occupant injury for front row seats. The second-row occupants are usually protected with the passive safety systems by Seat belts, Inflatable Curtain airbags, seat airbags, Windshield airbags etc. These are installed in the side and rear areas of car to pass on the regulations like FMVSS, ECE and other global standards. This particular case study is to evaluate or say how effective are the occupants in the second rows if they are unbelted. In few of the crash tests and experiment of frontal impact collision, the child dummies will be placed on female dummy lap without wearing the seat belt. In this, we see the second-row occupants will be seriously injured in most of the cases.

This title includes the technical papers developed for the 2021 Stapp Car Crash Conference, the premier forum for the presentation of research in impact biomechanics, human injury tolerance, and related fields, advancing the knowledge of land-vehicle crash injury protection. The conference provides an opportunity to participate in open discussion about the causes and mechanisms of injury, experimental methods and tools for use in impact biomechanics research, and the development of new concepts for reducing injuries and fatalities in automobile crashes.

Vehicles that start moving from a stationary position can cause fatal traffic accidents involving pedestrians. Ultrasonic sensors installed in the vehicle front are an active technology designed to alert drivers to the presence of stationary objects such as rigid walls in front of their vehicles. However, the ability of such sensors to detect humans has not yet been established. Therefore, this study aims to ascertain whether these sensor systems can successfully detect humans. First, we conducted experiments using four vehicles equipped with ultrasonic sensor systems for vehicle-forward moving-off maneuvers and investigated the detection distances between the vehicles and a pipe (1 m long and having a diameter of 75 mm), child, adult female, or adult male. The detections of human volunteers were evaluated under two different conditions: front-facing and side-facing toward the front of each vehicle.

Editorial Safety sells, they say. Should it sell driving automation? The Navigator Vehicle connectivity moves to the next generation Lockered and Loaded With its innovative Transporter, AV startup Udelv rethinks the entire concept of parcel delivery. Navigating Deep Learning to Improve ADAS How edge computing drives real-time decision making in AI for smarter, safer automated vehicles. Ensuring No Child Left Inside Up-armed with new key technologies, Gentex is making 'holistic' driver and cabin monitoring a core-brand hallmark. Precision Tech the 'Backbone' to CNH's Digital Strategy The ag and construction equipment OEM bolsters its tech stack to accelerate development of precision and autonomous solutions. AV Powers Bring May Flowers Michigan-based May Mobility survived rocky roads thanks to faith in its founders' vision and the company's autonomous tech. The Short-flight Alternative The Budget Airline Car is an EV alt-shuttle seating six adults, with luggage storage in each door.

This paper takes a review of fretting phenomenon on splines of the engaging gears and corresponding splines on shaft of automotive transmission and how it leads to failure of other components in the gearbox. Fretting is a special wear process which occurs at the contact area of two mating metal surfaces when subject to minute relative oscillating motion under vibration. In automotive gearbox, which is subjected to torsional vibrations of the powertrain, the splines of engaging gears and corresponding shaft may experience fretting, especially when the subject gear pair is not engaged. The wear debris formed under fretting process when oxidizes becomes very hard and more abrasive than base metal. These oxidized wear particles when comes in mesh contact with nearby components like bearings, gears etc. may damage these parts during operation and eventually lead to failure.

Field data was analyzed on second-row children in front, side and rear impacts to study fatality trends by model year (MY) and calendar year (CY) with 1980-2020 MY vehicles. The different MY and CY perspectives show changes in rates that are useful for setting priorities for second-row child safety in rear impacts. 1990 to 2019 FARS was queried to assess the number of fatally injured and non-ejected second-row children (0-15 years old) in crashes without fires. The children included outboard occupants seated behind an occupied front seat and center occupants. The data was analyzed for rear, front and side impacts to assess crash frequency. 1990-2015 POLK was queried to assess exposure of registered vehicles and estimate a fatality rate. The FARS and POLK data were sub-grouped by MY of the vehicle and CY of the crash. There were 2.8-times more fatally injured children in frontal crashes than in the rear crashes. The ratio of frontal and rear crashes varied with CY sub-groups.

Abstract The ability of senior citizens as well as other members of the general population to engage in an effective manner with technology is of increasing importance as new and innovative technologies become available. While recognizing the challenges that technologies can have on different populations, the ability to interact successfully with new technologies will, for seniors, have important consequences that can affect their quality of life and those of their families in numerous and important ways. This study, building upon previous research, examines the major dimensions of decision-making regarding attitudes toward autonomous vehicle technologies (ATVs) and their use. The study utilized data from a study of senior citizens in the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) area and compared the results with a sample of graduate students from a local university.

As vehicles with SAE level 2 of autonomy become more widely deployed, they still rely on the human driver to monitor the driving task and take control during emergencies. It is therefore necessary to examine the Human Factors affecting a driver’s ability to recognize and execute a steering or pedal action in response to a dangerous situation when the autonomous system abruptly requests human intervention. This research used a driving simulator to introduce the concept of level 2 autonomy to a cohort of 60 drivers (male: 48%, female: 52%) of different age groups (teens 16 to 19: 32%, adults: 35 to 54: 37%, seniors 65+: 32%). Participants were surveyed for their perspectives on self-driving vehicles. They were then assessed on a driving simulator that mimicked SAE level 2 of autonomy. Participants’ interaction with the HMI was studied.