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This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) identifies the best practices to reduce damage and promote safety during the storage, handling, and shipping of W/T assemblies.

This document is divided into five parts. The first part deals with flotation analysis features and definitions to acquaint the engineer with elements common to the various methods and the meanings of the terms used. The second part identifies and describes current flotation analysis methods. Due to the close relationship between flotation analysis and runway design, methods for the latter are also included in this document. As runway design criteria are occasionally used for flotation evaluation, including some for runways built to now obsolete criteria, a listing of the majority of these criteria constitutes the third part. The fourth part of this document tabulates the most relevant documents, categorizing them for commercial and civil versus military usage, by military service to be satisfied, and by type of pavement. This document concludes with brief elaborations of some concepts for broadening the analyst’s understanding of the subject.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) includes recommended ground flotation analysis methods for both paved and unpaved airfields with application to both commercial and military aircraft.

This report has been compiled by the Landing Gear Systems Terminology Panel of SAE Committee A-5 (Aerospace Landing Gear Systems). It represents an effort to gather together those terms commonly used within the discipline. Some terms are of course common to other disciplines as well. Others, however, are unique in form and/or meaning to the landing gear discipline. The need has been noted to set these terms down and provide a standard definition in order that communication within the discipline may be conducted with a common understanding. Full use has been made of available published information, and a list of references is provided. See also References (a) to (e). Terms listed are usually applicable to a general functional area of landing gear disciplines. These general functional areas include; landing impact, directional ground control, velocity control (acceleration, retardation, and arrestment), structural support, ground flotation, and ground maintenance.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) relates considerations for design test procedures and test data evaluation for qualification of tire spray deflection devices.

The landing gear system is a major and safety critical airframe system that needs to be integrated efficiently to meet the overall aircraft program goals of minimizing the penalties of weight, cost, dispatch reliability and maintenance. As the landing gear system business develops and large-scale teaming arrangements and acquisitions become increasingly common, it may be desirable in some instances to procure an Integrated Landing Gear System. This document provides guidelines and useful references for developing an integrated landing gear system for an aircraft. The document structure is divided into four sections: Landing Gear System Configuration Requirements (Section 3) Landing Gear System Functional Requirements (Section 4) Landing Gear System Integrity Requirements (Section 5) Landing Gear System Program Requirements (Section 6) The landing gear system encompasses all landing gear structural and subsystem elements.

Consideration for the damaging effects to aircraft from the failure of wheels and tires should be evaluated. This document discusses the types of problems in-service aircraft have experienced and methodology in place to assist the designers when evaluating threats for new aircraft design. The purpose of this document is to provide a history of in-service problems, provide a historical summary of the design improvements made to wheels and tires during the past 40 years, and to offer methodology which has been used to help designers assess the threat to ensure the functionality of systems and equipment located in and around the landing gear and in wheel wells.

This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) considers the origin of cornering forces generated by tilted, free-swiveling nose gears; the effect of various landing gear parameters on the measured cornering forces; and a method of towing aircraft to measure the resulting steering forces.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on landing gear operation in cold temperature environments. It covers all operational aspects during ground handling, takeoff, and landing. It includes effects on tires, brakes, shock struts, seals, and actuators.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides an overview of the tire properties, strut properties, damper properties, and other landing gear mechanical properties that contribute to shimmy stability and are required for shimmy analysis. A variety of analysis techniques and assumptions are presented.

This document covers recommendations for the application of existing qualified and approved in-service fixed wing aircraft tires, wheels and brakes to military and commercial rotorcraft. NOTE: This document does not address the use of radial tires due to insufficient data to support their approved use on rotorcraft, see paragraph 4.3.14 for specific impact on ground resonance.

The purpose of this Aerospace Information Report is to provide the industry with methodologies for measuring tire/wheel gear alignment and the range of acceptable alignment settings for various types of non-military landing gear. This AIR will focus on the general aviation, corporate, and regional aircraft landing gear but could have applicability to commercial aircraft.

This document is divided into five parts. The first part deals with flotation analysis features and definitions to acquaint the engineer with elements common to the various methods and the meanings of the terms used. The second part identifies and describes the various methods used. To accomplish the minimum intent of this document, techniques could be limited to those needed for flotation analysis only; however, because of the close relation between flotation analysis and runway design, methods for the latter are also included. In fact, runway design criteria are used for flotation and evaluation in some cases, and are periodically the governing procedure in specific, if isolated, instances. From time to time, it may be necessary to deal with runways built to obsolete criteria. Therefore, a listing of most of these constitutes the third part.

A tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is a means to electronically measure and report the current tire pressure. Some systems are capable of transmitting the information to the flight deck while other systems are for use on the ground by maintenance personnel (only). This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) document is intended to establish overall component and system function guidelines and minimum performance levels for a TPMS. The system should visually indicate the tire inflation pressure status. These guidelines include, but are not limited to: a) Design recommendations for system components, which: 1. monitor tire inflation, and, 2. are located in/on the tire/wheel assembly, landing gear axle, and/or aircraft avionics compartment. b) Recommended performance and safety guidelines for a TPMS.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended to document the process of landing gear system development. This document includes landing gear system development plans for commercial/military, fixed wing, and rotary wing air vehicles.

The purpose of this document is to provide a listing for current commercial and military aircraft landing gear systems and their types and manufacturers. Data has been provided for the following commercial aircraft types; wide body jet airliners, narrow body jet airliners, and turboprop/commuter aircraft and the following military aircraft types; fighter, bomber, cargo, attack, surveillance, tanker and helicopter categories. The aircraft that have been included in this document are in operational service either with airlines, business, cargo or military operators. No information is presented for aircraft that are currently being developed or that are not in extensive usage. This document will provide an informational reference for landing gear engineers to access when evaluating other gear and aircraft systems. Future revisions of this document will add aircraft as they enter into service.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) will review new landing gear (engine off) taxi system technologies currently being developed by various companies and describe the basic design concepts and potential benefits and issues. This AIR will identify the associated systems that could be affected by this new technology. The document will review basic design and operational requirements, failure modes and identify system certification requirements that may need to be addressed. The technology is evolving as this paper is being written and the data present is currently up to date as of 2015.

A tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is a means to electronically measure and report the current tire pressure. Some systems are capable of transmitting the information to the flight deck while other systems are for use on the ground by maintenance personnel (only). This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) document is intended to establish overall component and system function guidelines and minimum performance levels for a TPMS. The system should visually indicate the tire inflation pressure status. These guidelines include, but are not limited to: a) Design recommendations for system components, which: 1 monitor tire inflation, and, 2 are located in/on the tire/wheel assembly, landing gear axle, and/or aircraft avionics compartment. b) Recommended performance and safety guidelines for a TPMS.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) discusses past and present approaches for monitoring the landing gear structure and shock absorber (servicing), opportunities for corrosion detection, methods for transient overload detection, techniques for measuring the forces seen by the landing gear structure, and methods for determining the fatigue state of the landing gear structure. Landing gear tire condition and tire pressure monitoring are detailed in ARP6225, AIR4830, and ARP6137, respectively. Aircraft Brake Temperature Monitoring Systems (BTMS) are detailed in AS1145.

This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) considers the origin of cornering forces generated by tilted, free-swiveling nose gears; the effect of various landing gear parameters on the measured cornering forces; and a method of towing aircraft to measure the resulting steering forces.