Search Results

Since the earliest days of the automobile, improved fuel economy has been an objective of passenger-car manufacturers. The original market paced fuel-economy phase gave way to the CAFE-regulated phase in the late 1970s. September 1993 marked the start of a third fuel-economy phase, the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). PNGV has as its objective the development of a mid-size “Supercar” achieving an EPA combined-schedule fuel economy of 80 mpge (80 mi/gal gasoline equivalent = 34 km/L = 2.94 L/100 km) without sacrificing other attributes of the current U.S. mid-size car. The PNGV program is differentiated from the two previous phases by its cooperative research effort between industry and government. A review of past automotive phases sets the stage for future PNGV projections.

Improving the fuel economy of a passenger car by installing a small-displacement low-power engine is a methodology long recognized, but the accompanying loss in vehicle performance is a tradeoff unacceptable to the customer. Recovering the power deficiency by boosting the engine with a turbocharger or an engine-driven supercharger has often been suggested as a remedy. Turning back the pages of history, about thirty years ago an unusual supercharging scheme was evaluated that involved injection of high-pressure air from a storage reservoir directly into the cylinders of a downsized engine. Makeup air was provided by a pair of 21-MPa (3000 psi) engine-driven compressors. Large gains in fuel economy were measured when the compressors were not required to recharge the storage reservoir, as might be expected, but in simulated city and highway driving, those gains were greatly diminished by the need to replace stored supercharging air.

Because cylinder pressure is the means by which the reciprocating internal combustion engine transforms the chemical energy released in combustion into useful mechanical work, it is not surprising that the measurement of cylinder pressure has been an important aspect of research on that engine since its earliest days. Acquiring data of sufficient accuracy for many quantitative uses is not a simple task. Some of the precautions that have influenced the development of pressure instrumentation and must still be exercised today are briefly considered. Then some of the techniques used for applying those measurements in engine research are reviewed. Such uses include the evaluation of the distribution of cycle work, the estimation of net heat release during combustion, the assessment of cycle-to-cycle variability, and the diagnosis of abnormal combustion.

The use of engine diagnostic techniques in research on the reciprocating internal combustion engine has contributed substantially to engine progress over the years. Many of these techniques were developed before the advent of the laser, and most engine research still uses these classical methods. This paper provides historical snapshots of efforts to understand flame propagation and knock in homogeneous-charge engines, and fuel-air mixing and some of its ramifications in diesels. Such a review demonstrates the accomplishments facilitated by measurement of pressure, temperature, fluid motions, and chemistry within the cylinder. A critique of these classical diagnostics is then offered.

An Advanced Concept Diesel (ACD) engine, previously evaluated under a U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration contract, was dynamometer tested to provide data for the computer simulation of a diesel passenger car. The car was calculated to have the potential for meeting a 0.25 g/km (0.4 g/mi) NO standard (without cold start) if high EGR rates were introduced. The 0.25 g/km (0.41 g/mi) hydrocarbon standard would not be met by the unmodified vehicle, although use of an advanced transmission was projected to decrease hydrocarbons just to that level. Before the ACD engine is considered further, adequate durability should be demonstrated with high EGR rates, and lower hydrocarbon emissions are needed.

The intensive search for an alternative low-emission powerplant for passenger cars has led to a re-evaluation of the gas turbine for this type of service. The GT-225 engine was designed as a research tool to aid in making such an evaluation. Factors which received special consideration in making design decisions included exhaust emissions, fuel economy and drivability. An extensive combustor development effort was undertaken to achieve low emissions. The engine has been installed in a test-bed vehicle to permit evaluation of emissions and other factors under actual driving conditions. Vehicle tests of the engine fitted with a low-emission combustor demonstrated the following emissions: 0.11 g/km (0.18 g/mile) HC; 1.2 g/km (2.0 g/mile) CO; and 0.23 g/km (0.38 g/mile) NOx.

The single-shaft gas turbine engine has been proposed as a reduced-cost alternate to the previously used two-shaft turbine engine for application to passenger cars. The power output characteristics of the fixed-geometry single-shaft engine have been found to create performance difficulties, particularly with respect to standing-start acceleration of the vehicle. A review of the fundamentals responsible for these difficulties leads to the observation that variable compressor geometry can provide relief from this situation. Use of variable inlet guide vanes is identified as the simplest means of gaining this relief. Design factors influencing the susceptibility of the compressor to control by inlet guide vanes are considered. A method by which inlet guide vanes can be used to improve vehicle acceleration, without penalizing fuel consumption, is illustrated.

Utilization of numerically controlled milling has been found particularly attractive in producing, in limited quantities, the three-dimensional curved surfaces characteristic of turbomachinery. In experimental and developmental programs its use can result in decreased fabrication cost, reduced lead time, and improved dimensional accuracy. Following a review of the general classifications of numerically controlled milling machines available for manufacture of such parts, illustrations are given of some of the procedures and techniques employed in their use. A variety of parts made using numerical control serve as examples.