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An inhibitor package which is silicate-, nitrate-, borate- and phosphate-free has been developed as the basis for a world-wide automotive coolant formulation. The formulation contains aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids and tolyltriazole as the sole inhibitors. Formulations containing carboxylic acid inhibitors have been studied in ASTM bench tests and found to sufficiently protect all prevalent cooling system metals. In addition, fleet tests have shown that carboxylic acid inhibitors deplete much more slowly than conventional inhibitors, making possible a much longer life coolant. Results from laboratory tests which simulate extended usage indicated that carboxylic acid-containing coolants have a significantly longer life span for the protection of all cooling system metals. Finally, the carboxylic acid/tolyltriazole inhibitor package is completely adaptable to a propylene glycol base.

High lead solder coupons are frequently tested in ASTM D 1384-87 and D 2570-91 tests to determine the corrosion protection provided by engine coolants. In contrast to 70/30 solder, high lead solder is often observed to show relatively high corrosion rates in D 1384-87 testing. Surprisingly, the high lead solder corrosion rates tend to be lower in the D 2570-91 test, despite the longer duration of this test. The basis of this effect has been investigated in different coolant formulations and in both ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. The corrosion of high lead solder was found to be directly related to the presence of oxygen in the D 1384-87 test. Replacement of the air purge with a nitrogen purge significantly reduced the corrosion rate of high lead solder in inhibited coolants. These results are interpreted in terms of the solder composition.

Automobile coolant pump failure rates have been observed to be influenced by the coolant inhibitor package. A fleet test consisting of 196 1991 Ford Crown Victoria taxi cabs was utilized to test six coolant formulations. Four of the test formulations were monobasic/dibasic organic acid technology coolants and two were traditional technology coolants containing nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. Coolant pump failure rates were monitored as a function of mileage. Results indicate that the service life of coolant pumps for those systems employing organic acid technology coolants was significantly greater than those systems utilizing traditional inhibitor technology coolants.

Coolant formulations based on organic acid corrosion inhibitor technology have been tested in over 180 heavy duty engines for a total of more than 50 million kilometers. This testing has been used to document long life coolant performance in various engine types from four major engine manufacturers. Inspections of engines using organic acid based coolant (with no supplemental coolant additive) for up to 610,000 kilometers showed excellent protection of metal engine components. Improved protection was observed against cylinder liner, water pump, and aluminum spacer deck corrosion. In addition, data accumulated from this testing were used to develop depletion rate curves for long life coolant corrosion inhibitors, including tolyltriazole and nitrite. Nitrite was observed to deplete less rapidly in long life coolants than in conventional formulations.

A reduced chemical kinetic model by Li et al. [1]* for predicting primary reference fuels' reactivity and autoignition behavior was modified to apply to the butanes, and it was correlated to experimental results from the non-fired engine cycles under skip fired conditions. The fuels examined in this work were neat n-butane and n-butane/iso-butane blends (10, 20, and 48 percent by volume iso-butane). In our initial work using measured pressure data from the first skip cycle, we modified Li et al.'s model by only adjusting the fuel specific rate parameters of the alkylperoxy radical (RO2·) isomerization reaction, the reaction of aldehydes with OH·, and the reaction forming cyclic ethers. In this work, analysis was extended to the second skip cycle and additional oxidation rate parameters with high fuel sensitivity were adjusted. Several reactions, which are not significant in butane oxidation, were temporarily made to be inactive in the model.