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In 1997 Mertz, Prasad and Irwin [1] have described a technique for the development of injury risk curves for measurements made with the CRABI and Hybrid III family of biofidelic child and adult dummies that are used to evaluate restraint systems in frontal collision simulations. They further developed normalized injury risk curves for neck tension, neck extension moment, combined neck tension and extension moment for adults and children. The approach described by Mertz et al [1], is based on lines of equivalent stress and uses the maximum normal stress theory of failure to impose limits of the risk of injuries. In this paper a complementary approach is described based on the maximum energy of failure and lines of constant energy. A special case of this approach in 1D is used to develop the assessment values obtained by Mertz et al [1]. Limitations and advantages of the energy based approach are described, with especial emphasis on future implementation.

The development of a biomechanics assessment criterion through statistical processes is reviewed. Effect of combined parameters on the overall assessment criterion outcome is also investigated. Seventy-one frontal impact sled tests available in the literature are analyzed in detail. The focus of this paper is on the potential pitfalls of using statistical processes to determine bimechanical assessment criterion without careful evaluation of the underlying data, the limitations of the statistical process and the physical meaning of the results. Although, the focus of this paper is on the thorax and the logistic analysis, the results should be robust enough to apply to other statistical procedures and other bimechanical data. Limitations of the statistical treatment used are examined and interpretations of these limitations on the overall criterion are explained.

This book serves as a basic clutch design handbook by covering present and future clutch technologies related to passenger cars and light duty trucks. Chapters cover: History of Clutches Introduction to Modern Diaphragm Spring Clutch Basic Diaphragm Clutch Operating Principles Terminology and Definitions Clutch Operating Parameters Clutch Sizing for Manual Transmission System Engagement Quality Torsional Vibration and Tuning Capacity Testing Clutch Troubleshooting Clutch Quality Control Clutch Friction Materials Clutch Rebuilding and Remanufacturing Clutch Actuation Systems