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Advanced tactical aircraft and their propulsion systems produce an order of magnitude more heat than legacy designs and offer fewer viable heat rejection opportunities. The current approach uses aircraft fuel as a primary heat sink which is either cooled by ram air and returned to the aircraft, or rejected off the aircraft when burned by the engine. Traditionally, aircraft have been limited in mission capability by the design performance and the available fuel quantity; however, potential thermal limitations have presented a new mission challenge. Joker and bingo range notifications based on fuel quantity remaining are common on modern fighters to ensure the pilot has the foresight to complete a mission segment and return to base before running out of fuel. Now, pilots may need to consider the possibility of a similar thermal joker/bingo concept until alternative LO heat rejection methods are discovered that remove limitations.

Average-value models are commonly used in the design and analysis of power electronic-based systems as a method of portraying the overall system dynamics while neglecting discontinuities that arise from switching. Although numerous averaging methodologies have been developed to eliminate discontinuities, they are typically limited to specific circuits operating in specific modes. Therefore, substantial analytical effort is generally required to select an appropriate averaging technique and develop the corresponding average-value model that is valid for a given converter. To reduce this effort, an automated averaging technique is set forth in which an averaged model is established via coupling with a detailed simulation of the system.