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System requirements are classified as FRs (Functional Requirements) and NFRs (Non-Functional Requirements) [1]. FRs focus on system goals. NFRs put constraints on the system. NFRs are often expressed in the form of properties that a system must fulfill in the process of realization of FRs. NFRs are usually categorized under headers such as performance, reliability, quality, security, maintainability without any mechanism to associate with the corresponding FRs in system architecture. This leads to challenges in further decomposition of requirements at subsystem levels. The paper proposes an approach for MBSE where NFRs can be identified and represented in a layered system architecture design. The proposed approach bifurcates NFRs to derive functions using SysML (extension to UML) to provide a functional or structural solution. The derived functions from NFRs are then either linked with an existing function or a new function is created in architecture design.

As we move towards greener technologies in the transportation sector, it becomes mandatory to monitor its impact or the utilization of such a technology in the intended manner. Improper usage results in lesser utilization of benefits of such green technologies. One such scenario is the range anxiety; users of parallel hybrid vehicles face a dilemma between charging and refueling the vehicle. If the hybrid vehicle is operated in a gas-powered mode most of the time, the emission levels would be comparable to those of gas-powered vehicles. On the other hand, gas-powered vehicles have no mechanism to completely cut CO2 emissions, unlike hybrids (electric drive). Emission regulatory bodies are facing difficulties in regulating each road vehicle. Therefore, the actual emission levels emitted from the vehicles are higher than the estimate provided by regulations. This paper discusses the possibility of implementing a Carbon Credit Scoring for each class of vehicles.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the application of the stage-gates method (phase review) as a mechanism for integration and management between the product development process (PDP) and manufacturing, which is the first customer of the development teams. Using the stage-gates method, it is possible to ensure that manufacturing constraints and capabilities are incorporated and managed during the PDP. With the results obtained in the case study, it suggests that the stage-gates is a mechanism that, properly systematized, can contribute to greater efficiency of the PDP through the integration of manufacturing in the early stages of development.