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This paper presents a review on pedestrian impact reconstruction methodology and offers a comprehensive review of the literature. Several types of analyses are discussed which can be used to reconstruct the accident scenario using the facts collected from the scene. Inclusive in this review is the utilization of skid mark analysis, debris analysis, injury/damage match-up, trajectory analysis, nighttime visibility, and alcohol effects. The pedestrian impact reconstruction methodology is illustrated with a real world case example to point out different observations which can provide insight into the pedestrian/vehicle collision reconstruction approach. The literature review provides a broad foundation of information on pedestrian impact reconstruction and can be used to supplement the techniques presented in this paper in areas related to pedestrian impact. Research advances in the area of pedestrian impact reconstruction are also discussed in this paper.

A literature review was conducted to survey recent research on the effects of fuel properties on exhaust emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles, on-road and off-road. Most of the literature has been published in SAE papers, although data have also been reported in other journals and government reports. A full report and database are available from the Coordinating Research Council (www.crcao.org). The review identified areas of agreement and disagreement in the literature and evaluated the adequacy of experimental design and analysis of results. Areas where additional research would be helpful in defining fuel effects are also identified. In many of the research programs carried out to evaluate the effect of new blendstocks, the fuel components were splash blended in fully formulated fuels. This approach makes it extremely difficult to determine the exact cause of the emissions benefit or debit.

Four of these Particulate Reduction Systems (PMS) were tested on a passenger car and one of them on a HDV. Expectation of the research team was that they would reach at least a PM-reduction of 30% under all realistic operating conditions. The standard German filter test procedure for PMS was performed but moreover, the response to various operating conditions was tested including worst case situations. Besides the legislated CO, NOx and PM exhaust-gas emissions, also the particle count and NO2 were measured. The best filtration efficiency with one PMS was indeed 63%. However, under critical but realistic conditions filtration of 3 of 4 PMS was measured substantially lower than the expected 30 %, depending on operating conditions and prior history, and could even completely fail. Scatter between repeated cycles was very large and results were not reproducible. Even worse, with all 4 PMS deposited soot, stored in these systems during light load operation was intermittently blown-off.

Aerodynamic had played a primary role in high performance car since the late 1960s, when introduction of the first inverted wings appeared in some formulas. Race car aerodynamic optimisation is one of the most important reason behind the car performance. Moreover, for high performance car using naturally aspired engine, car aerodynamic has a strong influence also on engine performance by its influence on the engine airbox. To improve engine performance, a detailed fluid dynamic analysis of the car/airbox interaction is highly recommended. To design an airbox geometry, a wide range of aspects must be considered because its geometry influences both car chassis design and whole car aerodynamic efficiency. To study the unsteady fluid dynamic phenomena inside an airbox, numerical approach could be considered as the best way to reach a complete integration between chassis, car aerodynamic design, and airbox design.

The present paper describes an experimental study on the effect of the compression ratio on the performance of a LD diesel engine operating with a PCCI calibration, near the estimated EURO 6/Tier2 Bin5 NOx emission limits. The research activity is the result of a collaborative project between Istituto Motori and Centro Ricerche Fiat aimed to carry out an exhaustive analysis of the compression ratio (CR) influence on the performance of a LD diesel engine. Starting from a reference engine configuration the CR was reduced in two steps sequentially. Each CR value was characterized under PCCI operation mode and, under conventional diesel operating mode, at maximum torque. The exploration of the PCCI application in the NEDC operating area was performed prefixing limits on maximum fuel consumption, maximum pressure rise and maximum tolerable smoke. The main result was that no significant increment in PCCI application area reducing the CR was possible without overcoming the limits.

Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) has been used as a high octane blending component since the early 1990's. However the strong interest in renewable energy has led to a dramatic increase in its use. This has also resulted in a substantial number of technical studies being carried out around the world to assess its performance with respect to vehicle performance, distribution system compatibility, environmental impact and toxicology. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive, up to date review of these data. Particular focus will be given to its positive impact on CO2 emissions.

This paper presents an overview of the progression of the contemplated candidate volumes for the Lunar Lander since the beginning of the Vision for Space Exploration in 2004. These sets of data encompass the 2005 Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS), the 2006 Request for Information on the Constellation Lunar Lander, the 2007 Lander Design Analysis Cycle −1 (LDAC-1) and the 2008 Lunar Lander Development Study (LLDS). This data derives from Northrop Grumman Corporation analyses and design research. A key focus of this investigation is how well the lunar lander supports crew productivity.

Significant progress has been made at NASA Ames Research Center in the development of a heat melt compaction device called the Plastic Melt Waste Compactor (PMWC). The PMWC was designed to process wet and dry wastes generated on human space exploration missions. The wastes have a plastic content typically greater than twenty percent. The PMWC removes the water from the waste, reduces the volume, and encapsulates it by melting the plastic constituent of the waste. The PMWC is capable of large volume reductions. The final product is compacted waste disk that is easy to manage and requires minimal crew handling. This paper describes the results of tests conducted using the PMWC with a wet and dry waste composite that was representative of the waste types expected to be encountered on long duration human space exploration missions.

This paper summarizes the activities of the University of Maryland Space Systems Laboratory in performing a design study for a minimum functionality lunar habitat element for NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate. By creating and deploying a survey to personnel experienced in Earth analogues, primarily shipboard and Antarctic habitats, a list of critical habitat functions was established, along with their relative importance and their impact on systems design/implementation. Based on a review of relevant past literature and the survey results, four habitat concepts were developed, focused on interior space layout and preliminary systems sizing. Those concepts were then evaluated for habitability through virtual reality (VR) techniques and merged into a single design. Trade studies were conducted on habitat systems, and the final design was synthesized based on all of the results.

{ Natural fibre-reinforced composite has the potential to replace current materials used for automotive industrial applications. Oilseed flax fibre could be used as reinforcement for composites because it is readily available, environmentally friendly and possesses good mechanical properties. In this research, oilseed flax fibre reinforced-LLDPE and -HDPE biocomposites were developed through extrusion and injection molding. The flax fibre was chemically treated to improve the bond between the fibre and polymer. Flax fibre was mixed with low linear density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) with fibre content varying from 10 to 30% by mass and processed by extrusion and injection molding to biocomposites. The mechanical properties, surface properties, and thermal properties of biocomposites were measured to analyze the treatment and processing effect and to compare the effect of different flax fibre concentrations on the biocomposites.

The cost of human natural language translation of Service Information, Assembly Instructions, Training Materials, Operator Manuals and other similar documents is a major expense for manufacturers. One translation avoidance method involves replacing most of a document’s text with still and/or animated graphics. While the graphics with minimum text concept has savings potential, clarity of communication must be maintained for widespread application of this technique. The necessary clarity should be achieved if standards are established for the symbols and graphical conventions used. This paper provides an example of a repair procedure documented using the graphics with minimum text paradigm, describes many of the anticipated standards and provides an update on the progress towards achieving a standard development project.

Flax oil is the main goal of growing flaxseed. Flax oil has been used for nutrition, food, paint binder, putty, and wood finish. However, synthetic resin from flax oil has not been developed. In this paper we will develop a biopolymer derived from flax oil and the goal is to use it as a resin to produce a viable, biodegradable composite using natural fiber as reinforcement. First, the functionalization of the triglyceride group of the flax oil fatty acids with polymerizable chemical groups was studied. The triglyceride molecule of flax oil was epoxidized by the reaction of double bonds in the fatty acid with a peroxy acid (formic acid) to get epoxidized oil; the epoxidized oil was then reacted with ethylenically substituted carboxylic acid (acrylic acid) to form acrylated epoxidized flax oil. Polymer resins were prepared from flax oil by blending acrylated epoxidized flax oil with styrene and a free radical initiator.

During braking, third-body flows and layers govern friction mechanisms, which are fully responsible of the friction coefficient and wear. In the context of development of brake friction pairs, the involved tribological circuit has to be well understood and mastered. This paper concerns a sintered metal matrix composite used for TGV very high speed train. A series of low-energy stop brakings allows a detailed study of the third-body formation at the pad-disc contact. The pin surface is observed after each test. The evolution of the rubbing-area expansion all along the series is explained, and the friction behaviour, typical of the studied friction material, is related to the formation of a well-established third body at the pad-disc interface.

This paper summarizes results from the author's work on friction in dry sliding contacts in the presence of vibration. A number of idealized models of smooth and rough contacts are examined. It is shown that vibration can cause up to a 10% reduction in average friction even with continuous contact. A larger reduction in friction occurs when there is intermittent contact loss. This is found to be true for both elastic and plastic contacts, and for adhesive and plowing mechanisms of friction. The results of this work are compared and validated with measurements from experiments. The results presented are fundamental, but applicable to machine components with contacts including brake systems.

This paper describes the principles of a new method to compensate for tool wear when drilling in complex materials such as Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRP), Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics / Titanium (CFRP/Ti) and Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics / Alloy (CFRP/AI) stacks. A reliable and repeatable hole quality is essential, especially in automatic drilling applications with robots or gantries. The method combines the unique feature to dynamically adjust the drilling diameter in very small steps in an Orbital drilling End-effector and a new type of software algorithm to predict and compensate for the tool wear in different materials. With this method a large number of holes can be drilled without changing the cutting tool, and a Cpk value of more than 2,5 can be achieved.

This paper studies the feasibility and potential benefits of aligning recycled carbon fibres, in the form of short individual filaments, to manufacture fibre reinforced polymer composites. A review of fibre alignment processes is presented to provide insight into the different alignment technologies. The main focus is on wet hydrodynamic processes, which offer a high degree of alignment for discontinuous fibres. The process parameters that govern the alignment efficiency are also reported. The effect of alignment on fibre packing efficiency in the manufacture of composites is included, together with a report of preliminary fibre alignment results obtained from three different alignment processes.

A consortium of interested parties has conducted an experimental characterization of two Tau parallel kinematic machines which were built as a part of the EU-funded project, SMErobot1. Characteristics such as machine stiffness, work envelope, repeatability and accuracy were considered. This paper will present a brief history of the Tau parallel machine, the results of this testing and some comment on prospective application to the aerospace industry.

For many suppliers in the aerospace value chain, business commences when the customer shares the Technical Data Package (TDP) that defines the detailed requirements for a specific part. To convert the customer TDP into the necessary internal documentation, suppliers must expend large amounts of effort. This generally involves passing along copies of the TDP to each functional discipline, which not only results in redundant and laborious work, but it introduces technical risk. There are now software tools available that enable an intelligent TDP that provides more value than just sharing a 3D CAD model. These tools electronically organize and integrate all elements of the TDP independent of the PLM software in use. The application of the intelligent TDP has enabled a 30% reduction in supply chain inefficiencies.

The RFID on Parts Project Team has recently completed and approved Spec 2000 Chapter 9, “RFID on Parts”. Once approved by the ATA e-Business Steering Group, this standard will allow for archiving and sharing part history information directly on RFID tags using the User Memory Bank. Using a structure similar to a File Storage System, this standard organizes tag data in a structured and indexed system so that information can be shared among all members of the supply chain. Now that high memory, passive tags are becoming available, when used in conjunction with the “RFID on Parts” standard, they make it possible to tag parts not just with an identification number, but with birth records, a full history of maintenance activities and user archives. Since end users and maintenance organizations will no longer need to rely solely on information retrieved from a centralized database, new processes and efficiencies can be realized.