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This paper addresses the longstanding problems of residual gas measurement during engine dynamometer testing, and of real-time residual modeling for engine control applications. A new method is described which is simple to apply, requiring only currently standard calibration test cell instrumentation. Experimental validation against measurements using direct in-cylinder CO2 sampling is presented, and a comprehensive error sensitivity analysis is included. A real-time capable, controls-oriented model is also described. Its accuracy is assessed by comparison to engine-simulation-generated residual values after using these values to determine the model parameters.

Gasoline Direct Injection (GDi) system is a relatively new technology. In early implementations, its major components, i.e. high pressure fuel pump, injectors, and fuel rails, emit objectionable acoustic noise during normal operation. This paper will focus on making an objective comparison (assessment) of acoustic noise emitted by several cam-driven high pressure fuel pumps during their normal operation, especially at engine idle. Taguchi robust engineering methods will be used to conduct the robust assessment study of six GDi high-pressure pumps. A-weighted total sound pressure level (SPL), processed from two free-field microphones around each pump, will be used as the main function in the Taguchi design of experiments (DOE).

Gasoline Direct injection (GDi) systems offer performance and /or fuel consumption advantages compared to the traditional lower pressure port fuel injected technology. One disadvantage of GDi is the higher level of audible noise produced by the high pressure GDi system components. Powertrain noise is a known warranty complaint across the automotive industry. This paper presents an objective comparison of acoustic noise emitted by eight solenoid actuated fuel injector designs during their normal operation, including at engine idle, where powertrain noise is more noticeable to the customer. Taguchi Robust Engineering methods will be used to conduct an assessment of the noise generated by various GDi fuel injector designs. Injector fixturing, measurement procedures, and their impact on reducing test-to-test measurement variation are discussed.

Safety is a key element in new vehicle design and active safety, together with driver distraction prevention, has become one of the most talked about issues in the mobility industry. This book features 20 SAE technical papers, originally published in 2009 and 2010, which showcase how the mobility industry is considering all aspects of safety in designing and producing safer vehicles. These papers were selected by SAE International's 2010 President Dr. Andrew Brown Jr., Executive Director and Chief Technologist for Delphi Corporation. The contents of this book explore a variety of safety issues in the areas of market and consumer preferences; driver assistance and modeling; active safety system, crash sensing and sensor fusion; communications; and road safety. The publication also includes a number of articles authored by renowned experts in the field of active safety.

Bound to play an ever increasing role in the driver-vehicle relationship, connectivity is becoming a basic consumer requirement when it comes to choosing a vehicle. Moving from the computer into the car, the ability to stay in touch, informed and entertained has reached yet a higher level of technology ubiquity. Featuring 20 SAE technical papers published in 2010 and 2011, Connectivity and the Mobility Industry addresses important aspects of one of the most cutting-edge topics in the industry today. Edited by Dr.

Unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) emissions from gasoline engines remain a primary engineering research and development concern due to stricter emission regulations. Gasoline engines produce more UBHC emissions during cold start and warm-up than during any other stage of operation, because of insufficient fuel-air mixing, particularly in view of the additional fuel enrichment used for early starting. Impingement of fuel droplets on the cylinder wall is a major source of UBHC and a concern for oil dilution. This paper describes an experimental study that was carried out to investigate the distribution and “footprint” of fuel droplets impinging on the cylinder wall during the intake stroke under engine starting conditions. Injectors having different targeting and atomization characteristics were used in a 4-Valve engine with optical access to the intake port and combustion chamber.

The current study focused on the effects B20 fuel (20% soybean-based biodiesel) and SCR entrance shapes on a light-duty, high-speed, 2.8L common-rail 4-cylinder diesel engine, at different exhaust temperatures. The results indicate that B20 has less deNOX efficiency at low temperature than ULSD, and that N₂O emission need to be characterized as well as NH₃ slip. If a mixer and enough mixing length are used, longer divergence section does not improve the deNOX efficiency significantly under the speed ranges tested.

Wall-wetting due to liquid fuel film motion and fuel droplet impingement on combustion chamber walls is a major source of unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC), and is a concern for oil dilution in PFI engines. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of injection timing, a charge motion control device, and the matching of injector with port geometry, on the “footprints” of liquid fuel inside the combustion chamber during the PFI engine starting process. Using a gasoline-soluble dye and filter paper deployed on the cylinder liner and piston top land surfaces to capture the liquid fuel footprints, the effects of the mixture formation processes on the wetted footprints can be qualitatively and quantitatively examined by comparing the wetted footprint locations and their color intensities. Real-time filming of the development of wetted footprints using a high-speed camera can also show the time history of the fuel wetting process inside an optically accessible engine.

Low-pressure, Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (LPC EGR) brings significant fuel economy, NOx reduction and knock suppression benefits to a modern, boosted, downsized Spark Ignition (SI) engine. As a prerequisite to design an engine control system for LPC EGR, this paper presents development of a set of estimation algorithms to accurately estimate the flow rate, pressure states and thermal states of the LPC EGR-related components.

This paper presents production Engine Management System algorithms for Estimation and Control of Turbocharged engines with the following qualities; 1) Model based ensuring applicability at all ambient conditions, 2) Does not require Turbine data for calibration 3) Estimation logic form allows reuse for control applying predictive values for response and stability 4) Applies to all Waste-Gate types; passive and active, pneumatic and electrical, 5) Does not require Waste-Gate position measurement 5) Applies to engines with Variable Geometry Turbine.

Estimation of vehicle roll angle, lateral velocity and side slip angle for the purpose of crash sensing is considered. Only roll rate sensor and the sensors readily available in vehicles equipped with ESC (Electronic Stability Control) systems are used in the estimation process. The algorithms are based on kinematic relationships, thus avoiding dependence on vehicle and tire models, which minimizes tuning efforts and sensitivity to parameter variations. The estimate of roll angle is obtained by blending two preliminary estimates, each valid in different conditions, in such a manner that the final estimate continuously favors the more accurate one. The roll angle estimate is used to compensate the gravity component in measured lateral acceleration due to vehicle roll or road bank angle. This facilitates estimation of lateral velocity and side slip angle from fundamental kinematic relationships involving the gravity-compensated lateral acceleration, yaw rate and longitudinal velocity.

A gasoline compression-ignition combustion system is being developed for full-time operation over the speed-load map. Low-temperature combustion was achieved using multiple late injection (MLI), intake boost, and moderate EGR for high efficiency, low NOx, and low particulate emissions. The relatively long ignition delay and high volatility of RON 91 pump gasoline combined with an advanced injection system and variable valve actuation provided controlled mixture stratification for low combustion noise. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder research engine. Design of Experiments and response surface models were used to evaluate injection strategies, injector designs, and various valve lift profiles across the speed-load operating range. At light loads, an exhaust rebreathing strategy was used to promote autoignition and maintain exhaust temperatures. At medium loads, a triple injection strategy produced the best results with high thermal efficiency.

Many exhaust gas analyzers only calculate the Air Fuel Ratio (AF) based on equations derived for the special case of combustion without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and therefore do not represent the combustion AF during lean operation with EGR. Equations that are not subject to this limitation will be presented. Using these equations to provide measurements of the combustion AF and total inert EGR is encouraged as they relate more directly to what governs the combustion process.

This set includes two books, edited by Delphi's Chief Technology Officer Dr. Andrew Brown, Jr., which explore some of the most significant challenges currently facing the automotive industry-building green and safer vehicles. "Green Technologies and the Mobility Industry" and "Active Safety and the Mobility Industry" each include 20 SAE technical papers on their respective topics, originally published from 2009 through 2011. Green Technologies and the Mobility Industry Covers a wide range of subjects showcasing how the industry is developing greener products and keeping up with-if not staying ahead of-new standards and regulations. Active Safety and the Mobility Industry Details the latest innovations and trends in active safety technology and driver distraction prevention techniques. Buy a Combination of Books and Save!

This set includes two books, edited by Delphi's Chief Technology Officer Dr. Andrew Brown, Jr., which explore some of the most significant challenges currently facing the automotive industry-building greener and more connected vehicles. Green Technologies and the Mobility Industry and Connectivity and the Mobility Industry each include 20 SAE technical papers on their respective topics, originally published from 2009 through 2011. Green Technologies and the Mobility Industry http://books.sae.org/book-pt-146 Showcases how the mobility industry is developing greener products and staying responsive - if not ahead of - new standards and legal requirements Connectivity and the Mobility Industry http://books.sae.org/book-pt-148 Covers such topics as vehicle-to-vehicle communications, telematics, and autonomous driving. It also includes three original articles on automotive connectivity, written by various industry experts. Buy a Combination of Books and Save!

This book features 20 SAE technical papers, originally published in 2009 and 2010, which showcase how the mobility industry is developing greener products and staying responsive - if not ahead of - new standards and legal requirements. These papers were selected by SAE International's 2010 President Dr. Andrew Brown Jr., Executive Director and Chief Technologist for Delphi Corporation. Authored by international experts from both industry and academia, they cover a wide range of cutting-edge subjects including powertrain electrification, alternative fuels, new emissions standards and remediation strategies, nanotechnology, sustainability, in-vehicle networking, and how various countries are also stepping up to the "green challenge".

This three-volume set includes explores the new paradigm "green, safe and connected" in the automotive industry. These books have been compiled for those looking for an integrated view of how the driving experience will develop within these boundaries, and what emerging technologies are likely to be successful in the upcoming years. Edited by Dr. Andrew Brown, Jr., Executive Director & Chief Technologist for Delphi Corporation, all three books include 20 technical papers written on their respective subject between 2009 and 2011. The set includes the following titles: Green Technologies and the Mobility Industry Covers a wide range of subjects showcasing how the industry is developing greener Active Safety and the Mobility Industry Details the latest innovations and trends in active safety technology and driver distraction prevention techniques. Connectivity and the Mobility Industry Covers such topics as vehicle-to-vehicle communications, telematics, and autonomous driving.

This paper is an overview of the current state (calendar year 2010) of in-vehicle multiplexing and what pertinent technologies are emerging. Usage and trends of in-vehicle networking protocols will be presented and categorized. The past few years have seen a large growth in the number and type of communication buses used in automobiles, trucks, construction equipment, and military, among others. Development continues even into boating and recreation vehicles. Areas for discussion will include SAE Class A, B, C, Diagnostics, SafetyBus, Mobile Media, Wireless, and X-by-Wire. All existing mainstream vehicular multiplex protocols (approximately 40) are categorized using the SAE convention as well as categories previously proposed by this author. Top contenders will be pointed out along with a discussion of the protocol in the best position to become the industry standard in each category.

This paper identifies a select method for performing cylinder imbalance measurement, correction and diagnosis. The impetus is to address new U.S. Federal regulations that require the detection of excessive cylinder air-fuel ratio (AFR) imbalance, and doing so requires the foundational ability to measure and preferably remove cylinder imbalance via active closed-loop control. This function is called Individual Cylinder Fuel Control (ICFC). ICFC starts by extracting cylinder-imbalance information from the front oxygen sensor, and that information comes in the form a of continuous data stream. That stream is then parsed to create virtual sensors- one for each cylinder. Each virtual sensor acts as an imbalance or error signal which ICFC uses to correct and learn via feedback and feed-forward control for each cylinder. The cylinder imbalance diagnostic is enabled by the presence of ICFC.

Low Pressure Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (LP EGR) is an attractive technology to reduce fuel consumption for a spark-ignition (SI) engine, particularly at medium-to-high load conditions, due to its knock suppression and combustion cooling effects. However, the long LP EGR transport path presents a significant challenge to the transient control of LP EGR for the engine management system. With a turbocharged engine, this is especially challenging due to the much longer intake induction system path compared with a naturally aspirated engine. Characterizing and modeling the EGR, intake air mixing and transport delay behavior is important for proper control. The model of the intake air path includes the compressor, intercooler and intake plenum. It is important to estimate and track the final EGR concentration at the intake plenum location, as it plays a key role in combustion control. This paper describes the development of a real-time, implementable model for LP EGR estimation.