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This paper presents a new transient passenger thermal comfort model. The model uses as inputs the vehicle environmental variables: air temperature, air velocity, relative humidity and mean radiant temperature all of which can vary as a function of time and space. The model also uses as inputs the clothing level and the initial physiological state of the body. The model then predicts as a function of time the physiological state of the body and an effective human thermal sensation response (e.g. cold, comfort, hot, etc.). The advantage of this model is that it can accurately predict the human thermal sensation response during transient vehicle warm-up and cooldown conditions. It also allows design engineers the ability to conduct parametric studies of climate control systems before hardware is available. Here we present the basis of the new thermal comfort model and its predictions for transient warm-up and cooldown conditions.

The thermal comfort of passengers within a vehicle is often the main objective for the climate control engineer; however, the need to maintain adequate visibility through the front and side windows of a vehicle is a critical aspect of safe driving. This paper compares the performance of the side window defrosting and demisting mechanism of several current model vehicles. The study highlights the drawbacks of current designs and points the way to improved passive defrosting mechanisms. The investigation is experimental and computational. The experiments are carried out using full-scale current vehicle models. The computational study, which is validated by the experiments, is used to perform parametric investigation into the side window defrosters performance. The results show that the current designs of the side-defroster nozzles give maximum airflow rates in the vicinity of the lower part of the window, which yields unsatisfactory visibility.

The safety and comfort aspects of passenger cars are significant sales argument and have become a topic of rising importance during the development process of a new car. The objective of this study is to compare the performance of several current model vehicles, highlight the drawbacks of current defrosting/demisting systems and point the way to improved passive mechanisms. The investigation is experimental. The experiments are carried out using full-scale current vehicle models. The results show that the current designs of the defroster nozzle give maximum airflow rates in the vicinity of the lower part of the windshield, which decrease gradually towards the upper parts of the windshield. This hinders and limits the vision of the driver, particularly at the top of the windshield, which can be uncomfortable and indeed dangerous.

The increasing competitiveness in the automobile market has resulted in the incorporation by the manufacturers of certain features in newer cars that are deemed highly desirable by the customer. Among such features that require improvement is the thermal comfort of passengers' within the cabin. Thermal comfort is in increasing demand from motorists bound to cover more mileage driving cars than ever before. As a result, car makers are striving for improved climate conditions inside the car to meet passenger demand for more comfortable trips. The need to improve the climatic comfort within the vehicle is critical not only to passengers' comfort but also to their safety. However, to make progress in this area, a good understanding of the airflow behaviour within the vehicle interior is required. This paper, reports on a novel idea of control the air movement within the cabin by forcibly removing the air from strategically positioned vents.

The evaluation of the performance benefits of solar load reducing glazings using production vehicles is key to the establishment of the product cost/benefit ratio. Climatic windtunnels normally used to evaluate heat gain and vehicle cooldown can not provide true solar simulation. Comparative testing using a test car and a control vehicle must therefore be conducted outside in uncontrollable ambient conditions. The subject paper deals with the development of a testing methodology capable of quantifying thermal performance differences, as low as 5%, resulting from component differences, including glazings. The procedure described includes the use of B & K Thermal Comfort Meters to standardize the refrigeration system performance and to evaluate the rate of vehicle interior cooldown. Data taken during summer test programs in the Southwest for evaluation of heat absorbing glazings will be reviewed.

Ford’s use of digital mockups in vehicle design has improved the package and fit of components and systems within the vehicle. However, to fully meet and exceed the consumer’s expectations of a vehicle it is crucial to make subjective evaluations of a vehicle’s comfort, convenience, visibility, and accessibility early in the design process. Efficient and nimble design requires an understanding of the subjective qualities of the vehicle before any physical prototypes exist. The Digital Occupant personally immerses an individual (e.g. member of the design team, market researcher or consumer) within the digital mockup earlier to facilitate these subjective evaluations. This paper describes the technologies and emerging methodologies integrated to produce the Digital Occupant. This personally immersive simulation includes a full body real-time dynamic digital representation of the individual being immersed.

The air flow distribution in a car from the panel registers to the driver or passenger is largely influenced by the register design. We have undertaken a study using both experimental and numerical techniques to understand the parameters that influence register performance. In particular, we set out to identify the register characteristics that have the greatest effect on the size of the plume. The idea is that once an occupant has reached thermal comfort, particularly after cool down, the less direct impingement of air the occupant feels, the greater his/her comfort.

When considering ride comfort and precision there are lots of components in the vehicle suspensions that have influence in this behavior and some ride occurrences (mainly higher frequencies) are rubber bushing responsibility but due their compliance, other vehicle attributes, steering and handling, can be affected. So the correct components tuning can maintain or improve vehicle attributes to address desired brand DNA and vehicle its specific needs. These studies were done considering the elastokinematics of front axle only due need of improve its comfort concerning higher frequencies (impacts and harshness). In addiction, correlation between subjective evaluation and objective data acquisition/post processing is desirable to optimize development time. Based in subjective directional, the activities time was reduced and final configuration reached faster.

Current road vehicles have tendency of use softer suspension springs to improve ride comfort, but as a moving device with suspension system, vehicles have other parts that can affect attributes for comfort perception, and is necessary the correct definition of which one should be modified to address the comfort issue and avoid impact in attributes for stability. Usually springs are not the main responsible for bad comfort behavior, but shock absorbers and bushings are. A typical passenger car shows a wide possibility of loads carriage and how to set up correctly the suspensions considering its tradeoffs and brand DNA is the main issue.

A DESCRIPTION of ride analysis by experimental and mathematical methods is presented. Test facilities and instrumentation employed in experimental analysis are described, followed by presentation of actual test results. The application of electronic analog computers o t mathematical analysis is explained, and experimental results are correlated with mathematical analysis. Results of experimental and mathematical analyses are interpreted in terms of passenger comfort limits. The authors cite the need for more extensive information regarding response of the human body to motion in passenger cars.

General methods are discussed for organization and quantification of input conditions for vehicle system analysis. The input considerations are discussed for vehicle ride comfort prediction and vehicle component fatigue life estimation problems. The paper presents an overview of current work in the areas of quantification of road surface inputs to vehicles and the representation of vehicle maneuver environments for use in vehicle system analysis.

As customer expectations rise, automotive seat comfort is becoming an increasingly important design goal. This paper explores the application of two objective measurables to the design of automotive seats. These measurables are EMG (electromyograph) data and seat pressure distribution data. An attempt is made to correlate these measurables with subjective comfort. An experiment is designed to collect the required analytical and subjective data. This data is then analyzed statistically to discover any correlations that may exist. The resulting correlations found in the statistical analysis are not large enough to be the basis for seat design, but indicates that with further work seat comfort may be measured objectively. The results of this research will lead the direction for further work.

STYLING the Continental Mark II with a very low silhouette without sacrificing leg room, seating comfort, and driver visibility was accomplished by using a specially designed frame and a 3-joint driveline. These two features are the basic engineering innovations which make possible the Continental's distinctive classic styling. As a result of this structural analysis, Ford has produced an automobile that, according to the author, has technical advancements that are of value to the consumer.

FORD'S answer to the air suspension problem is a system of the “open” type in which the air is exhausted from the springs to the atmosphere. It features a 2-speed automatic height and leveling control to handle differing load conditions. In adapting the air springs to the suspension arms, the front suspension was modified only slightly, while the rear was completely redesigned. The author reports that a significant improvement in passenger comfort has been achieved with the new suspension, especially for the rear seat passenger. Also, the car height remains constant under all loadings—a contribution to the car's appearance.