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This paper summarises the background to and the development of the latest European Heavy-Duty diesel lubricant standard ACEA E5-99. From the driving force of emission legislation, the engine design modifications required through to a review of the industry organisations involved and their interactions to the specifics of the test developments. This paper starts with a brief overview of the Euro 3 exhaust emission standard that drove the need for an upgrade to the existing ACEA specifications of E3 and E4. It discusses a “straw man” engine design strategy used to comply with the regulations together with the likely effects of these design changes on the engine lubricant. We review the pre-existent relationship between the four industry bodies, ACEA, ATIEL, ATC & CEC, involved in lubricant standard development and look at some of the changes to this structure that were made in the process of ACEA E5-99 development.