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This SAE Standard specifies a message set, and its data frames and data elements specifically for use by applications intended to utilize the 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (DSRC/WAVE, referenced in this document simply as “DSRC”), communications systems. Although the scope of this Standard is focused on DSRC, this message set, and its data frames and data elements have been designed, to the extent possible, to also be of potential use for applications that may be deployed in conjunction with other wireless communications technologies. This Standard therefore specifies the definitive message structure and provides sufficient background information to allow readers to properly interpret the message definitions from the point of view of an application developer implementing the messages according to the DSRC Standards.

General Motors Powertrain Division has developed the next generation big block V8 engine for introduction in the 1996 model year. In addition to meeting tighter emission and on-board diagnostic legislation, this engine evolved to meet both customer requirements and competitive challenges. Starting with the proven dependability of the time tested big block V8, goals were set to substantially increase the power, torque, fuel economy and overall pleaseability of GM's large load capacity gasoline engine. The need for this new engine to meet packaging requirements in many vehicle platforms, both truck and OEM, as well as a requirement for minimal additional heat rejection over the engine being replaced, placed additional constraints on the design.

The 2018 Ultimate GD&T Pocket Guide explains the most common rules, symbols, and concepts used in geometric dimensioning and tolerancing. This one-of-a-kind reference guide includes more than 100 detailed examples to illustrate concepts. Numerous charts for quick reference provide explanations of each GD&T symbol, modifier, and more. This valuable on-the-job resource clarifies how to interpret standard-compliant technical drawings that use ASME Y14.5-2018.

Engineers need to have a basic understanding of intellectual property: patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets. This article is designed to serve as an introduction to patents as well as a guide for the technical professional who may or may not have the assistance of corporate legal counsel. Practical approaches to the three common issues that engineers are likely to get involved in: patent searching a product; avoiding patent infringement and protecting a new product idea are covered. Many facts about patents and intellectual property are introduced and a few myths are exposed.

This work describes the definition and implementation of a dedicated system (hardware and software) for the quantitative evaluation of the anthropometrics and morphological parameters of the back shape. This was applied to the digital 3D analysis of subjects affected by spinal pathologies. In fact in clinical practice it is needed to have a repeatable and easy method to frequent non invasive screening of the rib system records a 3D model of the back shape standard and automated procedure. Its clinical validation is presented.

This SAE Standard specifies the test methods, dimensions, and requirements for single core 60 V cables intended for use in road vehicle applications where the nominal system voltage ≤60 V DC (25 V AC). It also specifies additional test methods and/or requirements for 600 V cables intended for use in road vehicle applications where the nominal system voltage is >60 V DC (25 V AC) to ≤600 V DC (600 V AC). Where practical, this standard uses ISO 6722 for test methods, dimensions, and requirements. This standard covers ISO conductor sizes which usually differ from SAE conductor sizes. It also covers the individual cores in multicore cables. See ISO 6722 for “Temperature Class Ratings”.

This Standard specifies the test methods, dimensions, and requirements for single-core 60 V cables intended for use in road vehicle applications where the nominal system voltage ≤ 60 V DC (25 V AC). It also specifies additional test methods and/or requirements for 600 V cables intended for use in road vehicle applications where the nominal system voltage is > 60 V DC (25 V AC) to ≤ 600 V DC (600 V AC). Where practical, this standard uses ISO 6722 for test methods, dimensions, and requirements. This standard covers ISO conductor sizes which usually differ from SAE conductor sizes. It also covers the individual cores in multi-core cables. See ISO 6722 for “Temperature Class Ratings”.

The trend of the 2 wheel vehicle obliges to define accurate methodology for analysing each aspect of the vehicle design. The paper will present the definition process of simple, easy to reproduce, cheap tests for the Electric System, and for the components of it, describing the obtainable results. It will be presented which tests are significant, and which variable must acquired, and the method for organizing the data according to the desired study target aim. As example of the System Approach is proposed the analysis of the Electric Generator Power Unit, it will be presented and described the reason why it could be convenient to install a Lundell Generator.

Nowadays quasi-3D approaches are included in many commercial and research 1D numerical codes, in order to increase their simulation accuracy in presence of complex shape 3D volumes, e.g. plenums and silencers. In particular, these are regarded as valuable approaches for application during the design phase of an engine, for their capability of predicting non-planar waves motion and, on the other hand, for their low requirements in terms of computational runtime. However, the generation of a high-quality quasi-3D computational grid is not always straightforward, especially in case of complex elements, and can be a time-consuming operation, making the quasi-3D tool a less attractive option. In this work, a quasi-3D module has been implemented on the basis of the open-source CFD code OpenFOAM and coupled with the 1D code GASDYN.

A process for simultaneously optimizing the mechanical performance and minimizing the weight of an automotive body-in-white will be developed herein. The process begins with appropriate load path definition though calculation of an optimized topology. Load paths are then converted to sheet metal, and initial critical cross sections are sized and shaped based on packaging, engineering judgment, and stress and stiffness approximations. As a general direction of design, section requirements are based on an overall vehicle “design for stiffness first” philosophy. Design for impact and durability requirements, which generally call for strength rather than stiffness, are then addressed by judicious application of the most recently developed automotive grade advanced high strength steels. Sheet metal gages, including tailored blanks design, are selected via experience and topometry optimization studies.

The Coast Guard has a primary duty to administer laws and promulgate and enforce regulations for the promotion of safety of life and property on the high seas and on waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The rapid expansion of undersea activity indicates a need for government regulation without waiting for a disaster to provide the impetus. The expected Coast Guard relationship to civil submersible safety is discussed from the standpoint of legislation; preparation, promulgation and enformcement of regulations; duplication of efforts by other organizations; and avoidance of unnecessary interference with use of new developments and technical advancement.

Over the past 30 years, the computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools have been applied extensively in the automotive industry. In order to accelerate time-to-market while coping with legal limits that have become increasingly restrictive over the last decades, CAE has become an indispensable tool covering all major fields in a modern automotive product design process. However, when tackling complex real-life engineering problems, the computational models might become rather involved and thus less efficient. Therefore, the overall trend in the automotive industry is currently heading towards combined approaches, which allow the best of the both worlds, namely the experimental measurement and numerical simulation, to be merged into one integrated scheme. In this paper, the so-called patch transfer function (PTF) approach is adopted to solve coupled vibro-acoustic problems. In the PTF scheme, the interfaces between fluid and structure are discretised in terms of patches.

The results of an empirical study comparing the deceleration performance characteristics of several passenger cars is presented. Three definitions of average coefficient of friction are developed and utilized as a basis for comparison of the performance of the vehicles. In addition, the percent energy dissipation before skid mark initiation for each vehicle is also presented and compared. The interpretation of skid marks utilizing a site specific skid test with a dissimilar vehicle is then discussed from the perspective of accident reconstruction.

Combustion in modern spark-ignition (SI) engines is increasingly knock-limited with the wide adoption of downsizing and turbocharging technologies. Fuel autoignition conditions are different in these engines compared to the standard Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Numbers (MON) tests. The Octane Index, OI = RON - K(RON-MON), has been proposed as a means to characterize the actual fuel anti-knock performance in modern engines. The K-factor, by definition equal to 0 and 1 for the RON and MON tests respectively, is intended to characterize the deviation of modern engine operation from these standard octane tests. Accurate knowledge of K is of central importance to the OI model; however, a single method for determining K has not been well accepted in the literature.

Camera sensors that are made of silicon photodiodes and used in ordinary digital cameras are sensitive to visible as well as Near-Infrared (NIR) wavelength. However, since the human vision is sensitive only in the visible region, a hot mirror/infrared blocking filter is used in cameras. Certain complimentary attributes of NIR data are, therefore, lost in this process of image acquisition. However, RGB and NIR images are captured entirely in two different spectra/wavelengths; thus they retain different information. Since NIR and RGB images compromise complimentary information, we believe that this can be exploited for extracting better features, localization of objects of interest and in multi-modal fusion. In this paper, an attempt is made to estimate the NIR image from a given optical image. Using a normal optical camera and based on the compressed sensing framework, the NIR data estimation is formulated as an image recovery problem.

An Ideal Adiabatic analysis of a Stirling cryocooler with multiple expansion stages has been presented previously. In this analysis the compression space and the various expansion spaces are adiabatic, the heat exchangers are isothermal and the regenerators are ideal. This paper is an extension of that analysis to evaluate the enthalpy losses associated with the interstage regenerators. The regenerator effectiveness is defined in terms of the total unidirectional heat flow from the regenerator matrix to the working gas. A new definition of regenerator figure-of-merit is proposed for the intermediate expansion stages based on a stage energy balance, and its evaluation and uses in design are discussed. The analysis of a typical three expansion stage cryocooler is presented.

This work aims to introduce a multiaxial fatigue criterion for hard metals. The model is based on the definition of a fatigue damage operator, which contains information on the fatigue solicitation provided by the stress history. Numerical aspects associated with the determination of such fatigue damage operator are presented. An assessment of the proposed fatigue model shows that the predictions obtained are in good agreement with experimental results published in the literature for a number of different materials.

A road test has been conducted to quantify the benefits provided by two additive packages in a fleet of modern cars from the European market. One of the packages contains a high-performance detergent, the other contains the same detergent at lower concentration and a spark-aiding constituent. The test was designed to enable a critical three-way comparison to be made between the base fuel and the same fuel treated with the additives. Dynamometer measurements were made according to both the existing ECE Regulation 15 and the proposed Extended ECE test procedures. Through careful test design and execution, it has been possible to assess the performance of the additives at a high statistical confidence level. Both provide a consistently high level of inlet system cleanliness which leads to substantial reductions in fuel consumption and exhaust HC and CO emissions. NOx increases slightly, but the sum of HC+NOx (controlled in ECE legislation) does not.

The European emission legislation for two-wheeler vehicles driven by engines of ≤ 50 cm₃ is continuously developing. One of the most important issues in the near future will be the finalization of the European Commission's proposals for future steps in the emissions regulations as well as the verification of the impacts of current standards on the market. To have a basis for the discussion about these topics, the Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst (AECC) with the Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics of Graz University of Technology (IVT) carried out an extensive test program to show the actual emission situation of state-of-the-art mopeds including mass and number of particulate matter as well as unregulated gaseous components. One of the main goals of these tests was to measure exhaust emissions without any modifications to the engines of standard production vehicles available on the European market.

This paper presents a design process using beads on body panels to improve the structure borne noise of a passenger vehicle. Except reinforcements of structural members or applications of anti-vibration pads, it is difficult to find the effective countermeasures that can work for improvement of the structure-borne noise at the intermediate frequency range from 100 Hz to 300 Hz where the booming and low medium frequency noise occur. Thus the main goal is to make a systematic process and to find the effective countermeasures for this frequency range. The proposed process consists of 4 steps: a) problem definition, b) cause analysis, c) countermeasure development, and d) validation. Based on the general rule: ‘divide and conquer”, the complex problem can be simplified by performing a transfer path analysis at the first step and applying a panel contribution analysis at the second step,.