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The users of construction machinery demand higher quality. It is especially difficult to satisfy them with large-size bulldozers designed according to conventional design concepts that is, a new design concept is required now. Komatsu is putting the D475A, built by fully redesigning the D455A bulldozer, on the market. When developing this model, its power-train system, undercarriage, frame, etc., were redesigned under a new concept that emphasized moving large amounts of soil effectively, and new structures were developed as a result. In this paper, the design concept of the D475A and the structure that attained that concept will be outlined.

This paper introduces a laboratory-developed tester for the front suspension of off-highway dump trucks. In dump truck movement at jobsites, the front suspension system is subjected to three-way load, i.e. in the vertical, horizontal and turning (steering) directions. Using three actuators, controllers and a computer, we conducted a lab simulation of such loads. With this tester, various quality assurance tests were carried out to provide reliable data in a short period of time. These tests were as follows: (1) Performance test to measure suspension characteristics such as spring stiffness, damping coefficient and internal friction (2) Stress measurement test to confirm structural strength (3) Endurance test to confirm durability and longevity of parts subject to wear, such as seals and bushings (4) Temperature environmental test to confirm sealing performance across a very low to high temperature range (5) Dust environmental test to confirm sealing performance against dust

Hydraulic fluid (HF) specifications for mobile construction equipment called JCMAS HK and HKB have been established by the Fuels and Lubricants Committee of Japan Construction Mechanization Association (JCMA). The specifications are designated by two viscosity categories of single grade and multigrade. Each category has ISO viscosity grade (VG) 32 and 46. The JCMAS HK oils are recommended for use in hydraulic systems designed at pressure up to 34.3MPa(5000psi) and to heat hydraulic fluid up to 100 °C. These oils also provide wear control, friction performance, oxidation and rust protection, seal swell control and filterability performance. Two piston pump test procedures were developed to evaluate lubricating performance of these oils under high pressure conditions. The JACMAS HKB oils are classified as environmentally friendly oils due to the additional requirement for biodegradability.

Operations involving excavation of bedrock in large-scale civil engineering projects, or quarrying works for limestone or crushed rock can be broadly divided into two methods: blasting, and excavation using mechanical power. Ripping operation using bulldozers is typical example of the second method, and this method is superior because it is safe and does not cause pollutions. For this reason, its applicable range is being expanded including areas where the blasting method was being used. However, ripping operation using bulldozers demands a high level of training from the operator, and in addition to this, shoe slippage causes premature wear of the undercarriage and low fuel economy. The shoe slip control system that we have developed carries out sensing of the acceleration of the machine in forward and reverse directions, and sensing of the input / output speed of the torque converter, and in this way it always knows the traction and the slip ratio of the machine.

Of all the parts used on crawler-type construction equipment, the track bushings in the undercarriage of large bulldozers are subjected to particularly severe load conditions. A new and innovative heat treatment technology has been developed in order to improve the durability of these bushings from the point of their wear and fatigue crack characteristics. A new steel material has also been specified to match this heat treatment technology. The bushings thus developed have been extensively tested on bulldozers in customer service and proved to be successfully applied for production. They also offer a possibility for considerable reduction in manufacturing cost.

Since construction machinery manufacturers recommend various brands and types of greases for their machinery, customers would benefit from a standardized grease which can be used in all construction machinery. Furthermore, construction machinery manufacturers have many experiences of field problems caused by commercially available and commonly used EP Lithium greases. Therefore, the Fuels and Lubricants Committee of Japan Construction Mechanization Association (JCMA) has developed a new grease specification called “Japan Construction Mechanization Association Specification (JCMAS) GK,” for construction equipment. The JCMAS GK includes requirements for National Lubrication and Grease Institute (NLGI) No. 1 and No. 2 consistency grades. The JCMAS GK greases have enough lubricating properties for periodical grease fitting of most construction machines, hydraulic excavators, bulldozers and wheel loaders. The JCMAS GK greases are applicable from -20 to +130 degrees Celsius.

This paper describes 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis to estimate the air flow in the construction machinery's engine compartment and accompanying measurements. As the computational grid, tetrahedral cells with rotating reference frame fixed to the fan were used. In the measurement, the single yawed hot wire rotation method was used to measure the 3-dimensional velocity vectors. As a result, the measured values correspond well to the computational results.

After new transmission lubricants are developed there is an extensive validation program where friction durability testing is performed on multiple clutch materials. Each durability test can run for long terms and the entire validation program can take much longer terms. A well designed lubricant and friction material will deliver the necessary friction control for construction equipment to operate at optimum level. A mechanistic construct has been evaluated to calculate friction durability in clutch systems based on fluid and surface tribological properties. Fluid properties include both boundary frictional and rheological effects. Surface properties include elastic modulus, surface roughness, asperity density and asperity tip radius. Using this mechanistic construct friction durability has been predicted.

Importance of detecting obstacles around construction machines increase rapidly. The millimeter-wave radar is the most useful sensor to keep to detect obstacles in the current technologies. because of its good performance under severe conditions. The signal processing algorithm of this radar is developed, for the using in working conditions by means of eliminating signal fluctuations and instabilities caused by its environments. The developed millimeter-wave radar has a reasonable performance, for example, detecting the rear side of automobiles and many types of construction machinery from the distance of 100m.

Unmanned off-highway dump trucks have been developed as the first step toward entire mine automation. The vehicles are operated on a teaching-playback basis. That is, an operator once drives a truck along a desired path, which is stored in IC memories as a series of points. Then microprocessors control the car so that it runs on the route repeatedly. The data can be saved in IC cards. System supervisors can select any one course in a card set on board. The card can be detached and kept for the future use. Also it can be copied to spread the course data to other vehicles when multiple trucks are operated in a fleet. When a vehicle is inside a loading area, an operator of a loading machine can drive the truck by radio control so that the operator can stop the truck at any point where he/she wants to load. The entire system comprises several chief subsystems, man machine interface including radio control, navigation, vehicle control, data link, and safety unit.