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Typically, in the automotive industry, the design of the body damping treatment package with respect to NVH targets is carried out in such a way to achieve panel mobility targets, within given weight and cost constraints. Vibration mobility reduction can be efficiently achieved thanks to dedicated CAE FE tools, which can take into account the properties of damping composites, and also, which can provide their optimal location on the body structure, for a minimal added mass and a maximized efficiency. This need has led to the development of different numerical design and optimization strategies, all based on the modeling of the damping composites by mean of equivalent shell representations, which is a versatile solution for the full vehicle simulation with various damping layouts.

Porous materials are extensively used in the construction of automotive NVH parts. The sound package design during vehicle development requires simulation methods at vehicle level that can take into consideration the dynamical behavior of porous materials. This need has led to different numerical technologies based on Biot's equations. In particular, direct FE implementations of Biot's equations have been included into some commercial FE software programs. Such implementations, while giving good results, are time consuming and difficult to apply within the time constraints given by the timeline of vehicle development programs. This paper presents an alternative methodology, thanks to which it is possible to build the coupled vibro-acoustic model of a trimmed vehicle without modeling physically the trim components.

In the acoustic study of the interior noise of a vehicle, whether for structure-borne or air-borne excitations, knowing which areas contribute the most to interior noise and therefore should be treated as a priority, is the main goal of the engineer in charge of the NVH. Very often these areas are numerous, located in different regions of the vehicle and contribute at different frequencies to the overall sound pressure level. This has led to the development of several “Panel Contribution Analysis” (PCA) experimental techniques. For example, a well-known technique is the masking technique, which consists of applying a “maximum package” (i.e., a package with very high sound insulation) to the panels outside of the area whose contribution has to be measured. This technique is pragmatic but rather cumbersome to implement. In addition, it significantly modifies the dynamics and internal acoustics of the vehicle.

Due to the pressure on CO₂ reduction, during the last years "lightweight" parts have become rather popular, as opposed to "conventional" parts, traditionally constituted by a heavy mass layer on top of a soft decoupler. While "conventional" parts are based on pure insulation, "lightweight" parts propose some kind of compromise between absorption and insulation. This makes their design difficult: designing a "lightweight" part means adjusting in the proper way the balance between the absorption and the insulation provided by the part itself and the search for an optimal balance has to take into account relevant vehicle-dependent boundary conditions. Typically, in the design of a lightweight dash insulator a key role is played by the presence of the instrumentation panel and by the importance of the pass-throughs. This article describes a procedure that can help the NVH engineer in the above-mentioned task.

As the legislation for pass-by noise (PBN) has recently become more stringent, car manufacturers face again a challenging task to reach the new SPL objective (70dB(A)). A good design of the engine bay is therefore required to sufficiently attenuate the noise coming from sources as the engine and the intake. This involves proper design of the engine bay's panels including apertures, and a good selection of the type and location of acoustic treatments. For a given engine bay design, the PBN SPL results can be obtained with a PBN test or by an equivalent simulation. Using simulation models it is possible to create the perfect test environment virtually and moreover to obtain acoustic results for a large number of designs upfront of any actual testing or prototype.

Dampers (PDs) are passive devices employed in vibration and noise control applications. They consist of a cavity filled with particles that, when fixed to a vibrating structure, dissipate vibrational energy through friction and collisions among the particles. These devices have been extensively documented in the literature and find widespread use in reducing vibrations in structural machinery components subjected to significant dynamic loads during operation. However, their application in reducing vehicle interior sound has received, up to now, relatively little attention. Previous work by the authors has proven the effectiveness of particle dampers in mitigating vibrations in vehicle body panels, achieving a notable reduction in structure-borne noise within the vehicle cabin with an additional weight comparable to or even lower than that of bituminous damping treatments traditionally used for this purpose.

A poroelastic material can be represented as a material that is constituted by two phases: a structural phase given by a solid frame, and a fluid phase given by the air that fills the pores of the solid frame itself. In the mid frequency range, the physical behavior of both phases and their interactions need to be properly modeled in order to predict accurately the dynamic behavior of the porous material. This can be done using finite elements based on Biot's theory, which describes the macroscopic behavior of poroelastic materials by characterizing them through a set of parameters directly measured on material samples. In this paper, numerical/experimental correlations obtained using two commercial software programs that implement libraries of poroelastic materials are presented. A free-free steel plate covered by a 20mm thick layer of foam and a massive heavy layer has been selected as a first test case.

This paper describes a new approach for modeling a trimmed vehicle body by blending FEA models of the BIW, the passenger compartment and each individual trim component. The approach bases on the update of modal matrices, transforming the untrimmed body-cavity modal representation into an updated modal model including the effect of the trim configuration on the local and global NVH indicators. Results on simple and more realistic models are presented and show that the methodology fulfills the efficiency and accuracy criteria and is thus to guide the NVH development process.

The present work explains an innovative design methodology that allows efficient optimizations of vehicle body panels and treatments towards shorter development time and improved vehicle Noise and Vibration Harshness (NVH) characteristics. This tool named GOLD (Genetic Optimization for Lighter Damping), internally developed by Rieter Automotive, can be embedded into vehicle Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) design flow and can be then used in providing design and platform component sharing guidance information before prototype vehicles are available. GOLD is able to detect the optimal design of vehicle panel shape and damping packages with respect to NVH targets, by means of vibro-acoustic simulations. The core of this tool are the Genetic algorithms (GAs) which are heuristic methods which have been already successfully used, in several research fields, to solve search and optimization problems with a very large number of variables.

Automotive suppliers provide multi-layer trims mainly made of porous materials. They have a real expertise on the characterization and the modeling of poro-elastic materials. A dozen parameters are used to characterize the acoustical and elastical behavior of such materials. The recent vibro-acoustic simulation tools enable to take into account this type of material but require the Biot parameters as input. Several characterization methods exist and the question of reproducibility and confidence in the parameters arises. A Round Robin test was conducted on three poro-elastic material with four laboratories. Compared to other Round Robin test on the characterization of acoustical and elastical parameters of porous material, this one is more specific since the four laboratories are familiar with automotive applications. Methods and results are compared and discussed in this work.

The Diffuse Field Absorption Coefficient (DFAC) is a physical quantity very often used in the automotive industry to assess the performance of sound absorbing multilayers. From a theoretical standpoint, such quantity is defined under rather ideal conditions: the multilayer is assumed to be infinite in extent and the exciting acoustic field is assumed to be perfectly diffuse. From a practical standpoint, in the automotive industry the DFAC is generally measured on samples having a relatively small size (of the order of 1m2) and using relatively small cabins (in the order of 6-7 m₃). It is well known that both these factors (the finite size of the sample and the small volume of the cabin) can have an influence on the results of the measurements, generating deviations from the theoretical DFAC.

The recently updated pass-by noise measurement procedure prescribes a mix of acceleration tests and constant speed tests. This has led to an increased relevance of tire noise relative to the past, when the procedure prescribed only acceleration tests. In addition, the next phase of the roadmap for pass-by noise limits for passenger vehicles is 70 dB(A) by 2020, later followed by 68 dB(A). In this context, exterior tire noise has drawn increasing attention. OEMs, suppliers of passive acoustic treatments, road manufacturers and tire manufacturers are, at the moment, devoting strong efforts to the definition of solutions for the control of exterior noise. This paper is concerned with the potential of existing passive exterior treatments to reduce the exterior noise generated by the tires. Different countermeasures are analyzed, namely wheelhouse liners, under-engine shields, under-body panels and under-trunk panels.

This paper shows that the combination of a glass and passive acoustic treatment manufacturers can bring different benefits and considerably improve the interior acoustics of a vehicle. Glazing contributes to the design of the vehicle in addition to its primary role, good visibility and safety. From an acoustic point of view, this brings a challenge for the interior comfort. Indeed, glazing has no absorption and classically has an acoustic insulation weakness around its coincident frequency. In most of the cases, these different aspects make glazing one of the main contributors to the sound pressure level in the passenger compartment, and the trend is not one of change. However, there are possible countermeasures. One of which is the use of laminated glazing with acoustic PVB. This solution allows reducing the loss of insulation performance at the coincidence frequency. The other is the usage of passive interior acoustic trims.

Porous materials are extensively used in the construction of automotive sound package parts, due to their intrinsic capability of dissipating energy through different mechanisms. The issue related to the optimization of sound package parts (in terms of weight, cost, performances) has led to the need of models suitable for the analysis of porous materials' dynamical behavior and for this, along the years, several analytical and numerical models were proposed, all based on the system of equations initially developed by Biot. In particular, since about 10 years, FE implementations of Biot's system of equations have been available in commercial software programs but their application to sound package parts has been limited to a few isolated cases. This is due, partially at least, to the difficulty of smoothly integrating this type of analyses into the virtual NVH vehicle development.