Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource Project--CAESAR^TM 3-D Landmarks

Automatic landmark recognition (ALR) technology will be used to automatically extract anatomical landmarks from the 3-D whole body scans. 3-D surface scans provide detailed range and color information about the skin's surface. However, identification of bony landmarks that are not visible on the surface is impossible. As a result, colored landmarks must be placed on the skin to identify these anatomical landmarks. The CARD laboratory has conducted studies to identify the optimal landmark color and size. The studies show that light blue provides the maximum contrast with the natural skin tones and that a 3/8-inch dot is required for accurate automatic landmarking.

To allow the database to be used for a wide variety of potential customers, a large number of landmarks have been chosen. Up to 80 blue landmarks will be placed on each subject in the CAESAR study. The proposed set are provided below. These landmarks will identify important anatomical positions, measurement locations, segmentation boundaries, and joint centers of rotation. Some anatomical positions could not be identified from the scanned data; therefore, landmarks like tibiale and iliocristale will be identified by palpation. Other landmarks are added to perform specific measurements. For example, the biceps landmark is used to identify where the biceps circumference measurement should be taken. Landmarks such as anterior and posterior axillary folds can be used to segment arms from the rest of the body. Still other landmarks will be used to locate joint centers of rotation. These landmarks could be used for future biomechanical or ergonomic studies.

Landmarks

# Segment	Landmark
1 Head	Glabella
2	Sellion
3	Left Infraorbitale
4	Left Tragion
5	Left Gonion
6	Right Infraorbitale
7	Right Tragion
8	Right Gonion
9	Supramenton
10 Neck	Cervicale (spine 1)
11	Adam's Apple
12 Thorax	Suprasternale
13	Substernale
14	Left Clavicale
15	Left Acromion
16	Left Axilla Proximal
17	Left Axilla Distal
18	Left Post. Axillary Folds
19	Right Clavicale
20	Right Acromion
21	Right Axilla Proximal
22	Right Axilla Distal
23	Right Post. Axillary folds
24	Spine I (middle back)
25	Spine II (lower back)
26 Abdomen	Preferred Waist Anterior
27	Preferred Waist Posterior
28	Left 10th Rib
29	Left Thelion
30	Right 10th Rib
31	Right Thelion
32 Pelvis	Left ASIS
33	Left iliocristale
34	Left PSIS
35	Right ASIS
36	Right iliocristale
37	Right PSIS
38	Crotch
39 Thigh	Left Femoral Medial Epicondyles
40	Left Femoral Lateral Epicondyles
41	Left Suprapatella
42	Left Trochanterion
43	Right Femoral Medial Epicondyles
44	Right Femoral Lateral Epicondyles
45	Right Suprapatella
46	Right Trochanterion
47 Calf	Left Tibiale
48	Left Medial Malleolus
49	Left Lateral Malleolus
50	Left Sphyrion
51	Right Tibiale
52	Right Medial Malleolus
53	Right Lateral Malleolus
54	Right Sphyrion
55 Foot	Left Metatarsal-Phalangeal I
56	Left Metatarsal-Phalangeal V
57	Left Digit II
58	Left Posterior Calcaneous
59	Right Metatarsal-Phalangeal I
60	Right Metatarsal-Phalangeal V
61	Right Digit II
62	Right Posterior Calcaneous
63 Upper Arm	Left Humeral Medial Epicondyle
64	Left Humeral Lateral Epicondyle
65	Left Olecranon
66	Right Humeral Medial Epicondyle
67	Right Humeral Lateral Epicondyle
68	Right Olecranon
69 Forarm	Left Radiale
70	Left Ulnar Styloid
71	Left Radial Styloid
72	Right Radiale
73	Right Ulnar Styloid
74	Right Radial Styloid
75 Hand	Left MP Joint II
76	Left MP Joint V
77	Left Metacarpale III
78	Right MP Joint II
79	Right MP Joint V
80	Right Metacarpale III