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Electrical Air Conditioning Systems for 42 V vehicles will provide many benefits in terms of Environment protection, car Architecture, cabin Comfort and overall Safety. E-A/C Systems essentially differ from conventional ones by the use of electrical compressors. First of all, they will be particularly well adapted to new powertrains, helping to make them more environmentally friendly. Accurate control and high efficiency under the most common thermal conditions will reduce the A/C impact on fuel consumption. Besides, higher sealing integrity will cut emissions of refrigerant during normal operation and maintenance. Secondly, the use of an electrically driven compressor (EDC) will suppress a belt, and will reduce the packaging constraints. This will help to design new vehicle architectures. Thirdly, the electrification of air conditioning will allow better thermal comfort. In particular, E-A/C Systems provide a good opportunity for cabin pre-conditioning.

Demands for new features, increasing electrical loads, and improved fuel-economy are driving development of 42V PowerNets in automobiles. Shorter design cycles, increased complexity and a focus on quality are making robust design processes a strategic advantage for competitive manufacturers. Hardware prototypes are both time-consuming and inadequate for the task of verifying performance over a broad range of operating modes, environmental conditions and part-to-part variations. This paper outlines the use of an advanced design-flow, from idea to manufacturing, for vehicle power systems. It starts with the analysis of different topologies down to the subsystem modeling of a power window system. Finally it integrates everything to a Digital Mock-Up (DMU) and analysis of the entire system. Dynamic interactions among the various supplies, converters and loads are examined. System stability and performance are assessed under normal and extreme operating conditions.

This paper provides a survey about the consequences of a 42V Power Supply System for new vehicle projects, specially, its impact on directed project for Emerging Markets. At a first moment, it will be described new systems and its demand for additional power availability for future projects, such as electrical steering and brake systems; electrical air conditioning compressor; and electrical water and oil pumps. Following this subject, it will be presented possible alternatives for 14/42V Power Supply Systems, and also its impact over Power and Signal Distribution System components, such as connector, terminals, cables, relays, electrical centers, etc. Finally, the previous presented scenarios will be analyzed under a point of view for the Emerging Market demand for such new proposed systems, looking for best alternative driven.

As the vehicle electrical system migrates to the recommended 42-volt system in the future, 42V incandescent lamps will not be practical due to their short filament life. Alternatives to incandescent lamps are discussed. However, due to the inherent simplicity and cost advantage over alternatives, incandescent lamps remain the light source of choice for the auto manufacturer. A scheme to power the current 12V incandescent lamp directly from the 42V line will be presented as a viable low cost solution for the 42V system. This scheme utilized pulse width modulation (PWM) which eliminates the use of expensive DC to DC converters. Implementation schemes, preliminary results, advantages and issues are presented.

The personal watercrafts (PWC's) are operated in various ways; going around on certain course again and again, repeating acceleration and deceleration, or prolonged idling operation, for instance. The procedure of ISO 14509 has been applied in the traditional sound measurement for powered recreational craft. However, the standard is designed to measure the sound from the typical small crafts, on the assumption that they run straight in a constant speed. It is believed to be inappropriate to use this procedure for the measurement of PWC sound. In trying to establish the suitable procedure for PWC, evaluation by the auditory sense of 15 raters was carried out in parallel with the traditional sound pressure level measurement. As the candidate, four (4) measurement methods were employed in this test. 5 models of PWC's including modified crafts were used. Correlation between the results of traditional sound measurement and the auditory sense ratings was examined.

The need for light-weighting of automotive structures has spurred on a tremendous amount of interest in and development of low cost carbon fiber composite materials and manufacturing. This presentation provides a description of the commercial carbon fiber concept compared to traditional aerospace and specialty carbon fiber products. A specific update is presented on the development and commercialization of new low cost carbon fiber based on lignin / PAN precursor technology. The second focus of the presentation is on carbon fiber composite manufacturing processes, including carbon SMC, RTM, prepregs, and thermoplastic processes. Advantages and disadvantages of these processes are discussed, especially related to low cost manufacturing. Presenter George Husman, Zoltek Companies Inc.

TERBAN® hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) is a specialty elastomer used in demanding engineering applications such as the automotive, heavy duty, and industrial markets. It has excellent combination of heat, oil and abrasion resistance in addition to its high mechanical strength, very good dynamic and sealing properties. This paper will present data on aging HNBR for five thousand hours in an aggressive and un-stabilized B30A biodiesel fuel blend (70% ULSD, 30% SME, and an aggressive additive package) and explore the effect of HNBR polymer properties and vulcanizate composition on the performance in such fuel blends.

The AVL International Commercial Powertrain Conference is the premier forum for truck, agricultural and construction equipment manufacturers to discuss powertrain technology challenges and solutions across their industries. The topics of the conference, which happens every two years, cover all five elements of a modern powertrain: engine, transmission, electric motor, battery and the electronic control which are used basically the same way in the quest for optimal efficiency and environmental compatibility. This event offers a unique opportunity for highly regarded professionals to address the synergy effects and distinctive characteristics of commercial vehicles, agricultural tractors and non-road vehicles, and industrial machinery. These proceedings include 23 papers from four categories of sessions: Setting the Scene; Different Industries - Same Topics; Innovative Products and Technologies, and Future Outlook.

This paper gives a report on ergonomic approaches we tried to scooters for improvements in their riding comfort. First we conducted investigations into riding postures that offer a comfortable scooter ride. That is, we picked out major items for the evaluation of scooter riding postures and investigated a correlation between those items and their physical quantities. Our investigation revealed that room for leg and arm movements played a major role in a scooter riding posture. We further found out a high correlation between the evaluation items for legroom and the knee angles and also high correlation between the evaluation items for legroom and the ankle angle. Next we report on the result of the attempt we made at improved riding comfort by equipping the scooter seat with a backrest. To check the effects of backrest, we measured the seating pressure distribution, myogenic potential, and cardiogenic potential.

This handbook is intended to assist the user to understand the ANSI/EIA-649B standard principles and functions for Configuration Management (CM) and how to plan and implement effective CM. It provides CM implementation guidance for all users (CM professionals and practitioners within the commercial and industry communities, DoD, military service commands, and government activities (e.g., National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)) with a variety of techniques and examples. Information about interfacing with other management systems and processes are included to ensure the principles and functions are applied in each phase of the life cycle for all product categories.

This paper describes the wing and engine ice protection system, used on all 777 aircraft. The 777 ice protection system is unique in two ways: it has an advanced control system which minimizes aircraft power consumption. In addition, the system was procured by the prime contractor, Boeing, as a fully integrated subsystem from a single supplier.

The current work investigates a method in 1D modeling of cooling systems including discretized cooling package with non-uniform boundary conditions. In a stacked cooling package the heat transfer through each heat exchanger depends on the mass flows and temperature fields. These are a result of complex three-dimensional phenomena, which take place in the under-hood and are highly non-uniform. A typical approach in 1D simulations is to assume these to be uniform, which reduces the authenticity of the simulation and calls for additional calibrations, normally done with input from test measurements. The presented work employs 3D CFD simulations of complete vehicle in STAR-CCM+ to perform a comprehensive study of mass-flow and thermal distribution over the inlet of the cooling package of a Volvo FM commercial vehicle in several steady-state operating points.

Metal fiber DPF system is cheaper and more endurable than ceramic filter; however, the regeneration near the wall (outer layer) is difficult because of the heat loss and the less gas flow rate near the wall. In this study, a 3D CFD simulation is performed to find the flow control method for the more uniform mass flux for all filter layer. The major control factors are filter porosity, distribution plate and swirler. By placing the distribution plate in front of the filter the flow near the wall can be increased. The optimum place and size was chosen. The swirler can increase the flow more near the wall.

Getting information about new products and/ or services across the design and manufacturing/ quality assurance community of automotive engineers is one of the greatest challenges of mankind. Since information is the key to progress, an organization's success often depends on its ability to communicate. National and international competition forces designers and manufacturers to continuously innovate and make their product design and manufacturing / assembly processes lean and market driven. Simultaneously the time to market is rapidly shrinking. This means that marketing and sales departments have to explain and sell their increasingly more complex products to an increasingly more educated and globally distributed customer base at a competitive price, and in a short time.

A demonstration inverter has been built to illustrate the feasibility of implementing an ISA inverter in a 42V automotive powernet using discrete semiconductor switches. The high current carrying capability of the package (300A) enables the component count to be reduced to a minimum of two per switch. For a 10kW inverter, the current carrying requirements of each switch is about 400A peak. With careful layout and design, this solution could be a viable alternative to a module solution, which typically would have the same FET component count.

The On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD-II) port began as a means of extracting diagnostic information and supporting the right to repair. Self-driving vehicles and cellular dongles plugged into the OBD-II port were not anticipated. Researchers have shown that the cellular modem on an OBD-II dongle may be hacked, allowing the attacker to tamper with the vehicle brakes. ADAS, self-driving features and other vehicle functions may be vulnerable as well. The industry must balance the interests of multiple stakeholders including Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) who are required to provide OBD function, repair shops which have a legitimate need to access the OBD functions, dongle providers and drivers. OEMs need the ability to protect drivers and manage liability by limiting how a device or software application may modify the operation of a vehicle.

In the process of conducting a reliability analysis of a system, quite often the population of interest is not homogenous; consisting of sub-populations which arise as production operations are adjusted, component suppliers are changed, etc. While these sub-populations are each unique in many ways, they also have much in common. It is also common for data to be available from a variety of different test regimes, e.g. environmental testing and fleet maintenance observations. Hierarchical Bayesian methods provide an organized, objective means of estimating the reliability of the individual systems, the sub-population reliability as well as the reliability of the entire population. This paper provides an introduction to a Bayesian approach that can be extended for more complicated situations.

In statistical modeling, cross-validation refers to the practice of fitting a model with part of the available data, and then using predictions of the unused data to test and improve the fitted model. In accident reconstruction, cross-validation is possible when two different measurements can be used to estimate the same accident feature, such as when measured skidmark length and pedestrian throw distance each provide an estimate of impact speed. In this case a Bayesian cross-validation can be carried out by (1) using one measurement and Bayes theorem to compute a posterior distribution for the impact speed, (2) using this posterior distribution to compute a predictive distribution for the second measurement, and then (3) comparing the actual second measurement to this predictive distribution. An actual measurement falling in an extreme tail of the predictive distribution suggests a weakness in the assumptions governing the reconstruction.

The injury-reducing functions of crash padding are discussed as they relate to head impact. The bony structure of the cranial vault (above eyebrows) is strong under localized impact compared with the face. Padding used to protect the cranial vault from impact has the primary function of absorbing energy to reduce the possibility of brain damage. On the other hand, padding for facial protection has the primary function of providing uniform load distribution on the face. The pad understructure then supplies the needed energy absorbing capacity. Test procedures to measure both energy absorption and load distribution are described, and evaluation criteria are shown. Other factors that affect padding, such as temperature and cover stock material, are discussed.