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Alternative fuels are being evaluated in automotive applications in both commercial and government fleets in an effort to reduce emissions and United States dependence on diesel fuel. Vehicles and equipment have been operated using 100 percent biodiesel and various blends of biodiesel and diesel fuel in a variety of applications, including farming equipment and transit buses. This government study investigates the compatibility of four base fuels and six blends with elastomer and metallic components commonly found in fuel systems. The physical properties of the elastomers were measured according to American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 471, “Standard Test Method for Rubber Property-Effect of Liquids,” and ASTM D 412, “Standard Test Methods for Rubber Properties in Tension.” These evaluations were performed at 51.7°C for 0, 22, 70, and 694 hours. Tensile strength, hardness, swell, and elongation were determined for all specimens.

Raytheon E-Systems has developed and implemented an Individual Aircraft Tracking Program (IATP) that forms one element of a comprehensive Aircraft Structural Integrity Program (ASIP). This program aims to ensure the long-term structural integrity and continued airworthiness of a broad portion of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Flight Inspection Fleet of aircraft. Specifically, six Learjet Model 60 and three Canadair Challenger CL601-3R aircraft are modified by Raytheon E-Systems to perform the Flight Inspection role for the FAA. Flight Inspection mission profiles are characterized by extensive operation below 2000 feet MSL (mean sea level). This low level, structurally harsh environment contrasts dramatically with typical corporate jet operational environments.

We have studied the fuel behavior in Port-injection gasoline engines as the following: 1. We have developed a 100%-sampling quantitative analysis method where fuel is sealed up in the intake port and cylinder at a specific point during firing operation, using an engine with intake and exhaust valves that are opened and closed by electronic control. 2. As a result of our analysis of steady and transient state characteristics of fuel behavior using this method, it was verified that the amount of wall-wetting fuel in the port and cylinder is apparently different before and after the warm-up process. As for transient fuel behavior, a delay in fuel transfer has been acknowledged in the amount of wall-wetting fuel not only in the port but also in the cylinder. Different from the existing indirect analysis, this method enables direct measurement of fuel behavior even during the actual firing operation.

A study was conducted to reduce unburned oil fractions in diesel particulate matter (PM) by improving oil consumption. A method utilizing radioisotope 14C was developed to measure the unburned oil fractions separately for the four paths by which oil is consumed: valve stem seals, piston rings, PCV system, turbocharger. The conversion ratio of oil consumption to PM was calculated by comparing the unburned oil emission rates with oil consumption rates, which were obtained by the use of the 35S tracer method. The result in an experimental diesel engine shows the highest conversion ratio for the oil leaking through the valve stem seals. The modifications to the engine were thereby focused on reducing the leakage of the stem seals. This stem seal modification, along with piston ring improvements, reduced oil consumption, resulting in the unburned oil fractions in PM being effectively reduced.

This SAE Information Report covers the important fundamental maintenance and service precautions for all off-road single-piece and multi-piece rims. Detailed information on specific procedures concerning mounting, demounting, maintenance and service of a particular type, style, or design of off-road rim assembly can be obtained by consulting rim or tire manufacturers or distributors. It is recommended that these procedures and service precautions are considered in preparation of the machine service manual and operator's manual.

This SAE Information Report relates to hot-rolled steel bar products. It is intended as a guideline to assist in the selection and specification of hot-rolled steel bar; however, it is not to be interpreted as a material specification in itself.

Engine calibrations are inexpensive methods for reducing exhaust emissions since only software modifications are required. The California Air Resources Board staff conducted a test program to investigate the effectiveness of engine calibration techniques to reduce the newly regulated aggressive driving exhaust emissions or “off-cycle” emissions. Consisting of stoichiometric and rich “bias” calibration, these engine calibration techniques were applied to fourteen late-model vehicles. The engine calibration techniques reduced the off-cycle emissions substantially on most vehicles. To comply with the proposed off-cycle standards for California low-emission vehicles and ultra-low-emission vehicles, these techniques will be a cost-effective method to reduce off-cycle emissions.

This SAE Recommended Practice was developed by SAE, and the section "Standard Classification and Specification for Service Greases" cooperatively with ASTM, and NLGI. It is intended to assist those concerned with the design of automotive components, and with the selection and marketing of greases for the lubrication of certain of those components on passenger cars, trucks, and buses. The information contained herein will be helpful in understanding the terms related to properties, designations, and service applications of automotive greases.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines the measurement parameters that may be used by a pilot or operator to monitor the thermodynamic health of a turboshaft engine in a helicopter and the measurement system accuracies desired.

This SAE Standard is intended to supply a uniform means of designating wrought ferrous materials reported in SAE Standards and Recommended Practices. A numerical index system is used to identify the compositions of the SAE steels. This system makes it possible to use numbers on shop drawings and blueprints to describe partially the composition of the material. A four-numeral series is usually used to designate standard alloy and carbon steels specified to chemical composition ranges. There are certain types of alloy steels which are designated by five numerals. The prefix E is used to designate steels which are made by the basic electric furnace process with special practices. The suffix H is used to designate standard hardenability steels. The last two digits of the four-numeral series and the last three digits of the five-numeral series are intended to indicate the approximate mean of the carbon range.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes mechanical property ranges for low-carbon automotive hot-rolled sheet, cold-rolled sheet, and metallic-coated sheet steels. It also contains information that explains the different nomenclature used with these steels.

Effective August 28, 1991, the SAE replaced the USCG as the listing agency for Marine Hose Assemblies. The previous USCG list was discontinued as of December 31, 1992, and is being replaced by this SAE listing, J1942-1. All products appearing on the USCG list as of December 31, 1992, may be carried over to the SAE J1942-1 provided they meet the new test requirements listed in SAE J1942. If your products comply, you may retain your listings with no additional testing. (Please note that the USCG has the authority to request and inspect your test results at their discretion.) The following list consists of hose data provided as of April 30, 1997, and is for convenience in determining acceptability of nonmetallic flexible hose assemblies intended for usage under 46 CFR 56.60-25(c). Where the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) or type of fitting is not specified, use the manufacturer's recommended MAWP or type of fitting.

This SAE Standard covers material, dimensional, and performance requirements of steel O-ring face seal fittings for tubing and the O-ring face seal interface and nut portion of hose stem assemblies for nominal tube or hose diameters 6.35 mm (0.250 in) through 38.1 mm (1.500 in). These fittings are intended for general application and hydraulic systems on industrial equipment and commercial products, where elastomeric seals are acceptable to overcome leakage and variations in assembly procedures. These fittings are capable of providing leak-proof full flow connections in hydraulic systems operating from 95 kPa (28 in Hg) vacuum to working pressures shown in Table 1. Since many factors influence the pressure at which a hydraulic system will or will not perform satisfactorily, these values should not be construed as guaranteed minimums.

This SAE Recommended Practice provides test procedures, requirements, and guidelines for single color, optical warning devices.

This document describes test methods to determine the application and performance properties of two-component polysulfide or polythioether sealing compounds. It shall be used in conjunction with AS5127.

This book examines the development of the engine from a historical perspective. Originally published in Japanese, The Romance of Engines' English translation offers readers insight into lessons learned throughout the engine's history. This book belongs on the bookshelves of all engine designers, engine enthusiasts, and automotive historians. Topics covered include: Newcomen's Steam Engine The Watt Steam Engine Internal Combustion Engine Nicolaus August Otto and His Engine Sadi Carnot and the Adiabatic Engine Radial Engines; Piston and Cylinder Problems Engine Life Problem of Cooling Engine Compartments Knocking; Energy Conservation Bugatti; Volkswagon Rolls Royce Packard Daimler-Benz DB601 Engine and more!

SAE J1942, developed through the cooperative efforts of the U.S. Coast Guard and SAE, became effective August 28, 19911, as the official document for nonmetallic flexible hose assemblies for commercial marine use. This SAE Standard covers specific requirements for several styles of hose and/or hose assemblies in systems on board commercial vessels inspected and certificated by the U.S. Coast Guard. It is intended that this document establish hose constructions and performance levels that are essential to safe operations in the marine environment. Refer to SAE J1273 for selection, installation, and maintenance of hose and hose assemblies. Refer to SAE J1527 Marine Fuel Hose for hose to convey gasoline or diesel fuel aboard small craft, including pleasure craft and related small commercial craft regulated directly or by reference under 33 CFR 183 Subpart J, and boats and yachts meeting American Boat and Yacht Council standards.

This SAE Standard covers the minimum requirements for nonmetallic tubing as manufactured for use in air brake systems. Nonreinforced products are designated type A and reinforced products type B. It is not intended to cover tubing for any portion of the system which operates below −40 °C (−40 °F), above +93 °C (+200 °F), above a maximum working gage pressure of 1030 kPa (150 psi), or in an area subject to attack by battery acid. This tubing is intended for use in the brake system for connections which maintain a basically fixed relationship between components during vehicle operation. Coiled tube assemblies required for those installations where flexing occurs are covered by this document and SAE J1131 to the extent of setting minimum requirements on the essentially straight tube and tube fitting connections which are used in the construction of such assemblies2.