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To cope with increasing, challenging requirements and shorter development cycles, more complex, often nonlinear, systems with high interactions have to be optimized in many fields of research, such as the energy sector. As this often goes beyond the classical parameter studies-based approach, systematic optimization approaches offer a key solution. In the context of the development of energy converters, like engines, such techniques are applied to enhance efficiency and enable optimal use of energy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the field of optimization approaches, more precisely referred to as Metamodel-Based Design Optimization (MBDO). The MBDO approaches essentially comprise three main modules: the Design of Experiment (DoE), the Response Surface Modeling (RSM), and the Multiobjective Optimization (MoO), in varying compositions.

This paper describes lightning fuel ignition source test data on cracked aluminum and hydraulic tubes. The tube test articles included several different types of cracks and establish ignition source threshold current densities that exceed what is expected in traditional aluminum fuel tanks for midsize business jets, which notably are higher than typical current densities in larger Part 25 airplanes. Additionally, the fuel tube test data compared to ignition source current thresholds associated with tube couplers and fittings show consideration of cracks in the tubing will not typically be a critical factor in showing compliance or determining design constraints.

The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to define common industry terminology and nomenclature relative to thermal flow control valves and to describe common thermal flow control valve applications in automotive, highway truck, mobile construction equipment, and industrial applications. This document is primarily directed at internal combustion engine or electric powered applications and the downstream systems to which power is provided, such as transmissions, hydraulics, air compression, etc. The information contained herein does not constitute an SAE Standard.

Modern in-vehicle experiences are brimming with functionalities and convenience driven by automation, digitalization, and electrification. While automotive manufacturers are competing to provide the best systems to their customers, there is no common ground to evaluate these in-vehicle experiences as they become increasingly complex. Existing automotive guidelines do not offer thresholds for cognitive distraction, or—more appropriately—“disengagement.” What can researchers can do to change this? Evaluation of the In-vehicle Experience discusses acceptable levels of disengagement by evaluating the driving context and exploring how system reliability can translate to distraction and frustration. It also covers the need to test systems for their complexity and ease of use, and to prevent users from resorting to alternative systems while driving (e.g., smartphones).

Recently, there has been a slight increase in interest in the use of responder-to-vehicle (R2V) technology for emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire trucks, and police cars. R2V technology allows for the exchange of information between different types of responder vehicles, including connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). It can be used in collision avoidance or emergency situations involving CAV responder vehicles. The benefits of R2V are not limited to fully autonomous vehicles (e.g., SAE Level 4), but can also be used in Level 2 CAV scenarios. However, despite the potential benefits of R2V, discussions on this topic are still limited. Responder-to-Vehicle Technologies for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles aims to provide an overview of R2V technology and its applications for CAV systems, particularly in the context of collision avoidance features. The responder vehicles in question can be autonomous or non-autonomous.

Success in metal additive manufacturing (AM) relies on the optimization of a large set of process parameters to achieve materials whose properties and performance meet design and safety requirements. Despite continuous improvements in the process over the years, the quality of AM parts remains a major concern for manufacturers. Today, researchers are starting to move from discrete geometry-dependent build parameters to continuously variable or dynamically changing parameters that are geometry- and scan-path aware. This approach has become known as “feedforward control.” Process Control for Defect Mitigation in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing discusses the origins of feedforward control, its early implementations in AM, the current state of the art, and a path forward to its broader adoption. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

CASE VP Jay Joseph outlines dramatic cost reductions in fuel-cell systems, the move into stationary power, and new models for mobile and residential energy.

Abstract In the United States (USA), transportation is the largest single source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, representing 27% of total GHGs emitted in 2020. Eighty-three percent of these came from road transport, and 57% from light-duty vehicles (LDVs). Internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, which still form the bulk of the United States (US) fleet, struggle to meet climate change targets. Despite increasingly stringent regulatory mechanisms and technology improvements, only three US states have been able to reduce their transport emissions to the target of below 1990 levels. Fifteen states have made some headway to within 10% of their 1990 baseline. Largely, however, it appears that current strategies are not generating effective results. Current climate-change mitigation measures in road transport tend to be predominantly technological.

This document includes technical considerations on the planning and execution of verification and validation (“V&V”) of the cybersecurity of items and components of road vehicles, in the context of ISO/SAE 21434:2021. This document offers considerations on: • strategic approaches for V&V activities; • lists of, or references to, methods that can be applied; • distribution of V&V activities (between customer and supplier); • timing and execution thereof. This document focuses on objectives and approaches and does not prescribe solutions. For example, the choice of methods and the extent of the rigour with which they are applied are part of the item- and organization specific strategic approach.

5 year review and update

Abstract This work describes an investigation of measurement techniques for the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) on a 55 cc single-cylinder, 4.4 kW, two-stroke, spark ignition (SI) engine intended for use on Group 1 and Group 2 remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs). Three different sensors were used: two piezoelectric pressure transducers (one flush mount and one measuring spark plug) for measuring in-cylinder pressure and one capacitive sensor for determining the top dead center (TDC) position of the piston. The effort consisted of three objectives: to investigate the merits of a flush mount pressure transducer compared to a pressure transducer integrated into the spark plug, to perform a parametric analysis to characterize the effect of the variability in the engine test bench controls on the IMEP, and to determine the thermodynamic loss angle for the engine.

In progress

This SAE Recommended Practice provides the lighting function identification codes for use on all passenger vehicles, trucks, trailers, motorcycles, and emergency vehicles.

This document describes machine-to-machine (M2M) communication to enable cooperation between two or more participating entities or communication devices possessed or controlled by those entities. The cooperation supports or enables performance of the dynamic driving task (DDT) for a subject vehicle with driving automation feature(s) engaged. Other participants may include other vehicles with driving automation feature(s) engaged, shared road users (e.g., drivers of manually operated vehicles or pedestrians or cyclists carrying personal devices), or road operators (e.g., those who maintain or operate traffic signals or workzones).Cooperative driving automation (CDA) aims to improve the safety and flow of traffic and/or facilitate road operations by supporting the movement of multiple vehicles in proximity to one another. This is accomplished, for example, by sharing information that can be used to influence (directly or indirectly) DDT performance by one or more nearby road users.

ZF premieres AxTrax 2 electric axle platform at ACT Expo

How Electrification and Autonomy Can Unlock the Potential of Unmanned Ground Vehicles VITA 90: Small Form Factors for UAVs and Other Space Constrained Platforms 3D Scanning Provides Key Weapon for Aerospace and Defense Manufacturing New Approach to Viscosity Enables Complex Motions in Soft Robots Ghoul Tool: The Weapon-Mountable Counter UAS Transmitter Autonomous Surveillance Technologies Relating to Dismounted Soldiers The development of the autonomous applications for dismounted Soldier systems is paramount to defeating our adversaries, such as China and Russia, in future combat. A comprehensive literature re-view is necessary to assist in defining the best path forward. Robust MADER: Decentralized Multiagent Drone Trajectory Planner Communication delays can be catastrophic for multiagent systems. However, most existing state-of-the-art multiagent trajectory planners assume perfect communication and therefore lack a strategy to rectify this issue in real-world environments.

Abstract The present investigation has been conducted to study the tribological and adhesion properties of X10CrNi18-8 austenitic stainless steel (ASTM 301) coatings deposited on aluminum alloys such as AU4G by using the arc-spraying process. These coatings were made with and without a bond-coat layer, which is constituted by NiAl. The structure of the phases that are present in coatings was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The measurements of microhardness and tribological behavior at different loads were also performed on the surface of the coatings. Adherence test was also carried out using four-point bending tests. The SEM showed that the dense microstructures of coatings have a homogeneous lamellar morphology with the presence of porosities and unmelted particles. The main phase of coating corresponds to a solid solution as a face-centered cubic (fcc).

Abstract While a majority of transportation and mobility solutions rely on in-vehicle sensors and the availability of the global positioning system (GPS) for absolute localization, alternate paradigms leveraging smart infrastructure have started becoming a viable solution for localization without needing GPS. However, the majority of approaches involving smart infrastructure require a means for wireless communication. In this article, we describe a novel method that can accurately localize the vehicle without using GPS and wireless communication by leveraging embedded digital and analog information on the roadside signage. The embedded information consists of a digital signature which can be used to cross-reference the ground truth (GT) location of the signage, as well as geometric information of the signage. This information is directly leveraged by on-vehicle sensors to generate absolute localization information.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum design and performance requirements for lavatories to be certified and installed in transport category airplanes.

This specification covers a silicone rubber in the form of sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes.