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eVTOL engineering takes flight

The recommendations of this document apply to such aircraft as are able to perform both normal angle and steep IMC approaches, the latter being defined as those approaches having a final approach segment angle greater than 4°. Such aircraft can include both conventional and STOL fixed-wing aircraft, commercial air transport and/or utility and normal category helicopters, compound helicopters and powered lift vehicles (tiltrotors, tiltfans, tiltwings, etc.).

This document recommends criteria for electronic displays on the flight deck of transport aircraft. Electronic displays include electronic flight instruments, alert displays, aircraft system displays and control/display units for flight management and radio management systems. ...Electronic displays include electronic flight instruments, alert displays, aircraft system displays and control/display units for flight management and radio management systems.

Information displays, which may include navigation displays used for situation awareness only, supplemental data, and maintenance and documentation displays. Display Systems including a Display Unit (display) and a symbol generator. The display functions herein were based on the display aspects of functions covered by previous TSOs that included an end-to-end system, including sensors. ...This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies minimum performance standards for Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS) displays that are head-down and intended for use in the flight deck by the flight crew in all 14 CFR Part 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft. ...The requirements and recommendations in this document are intended to apply to, but are not limited to, the following types of display functions: Primary Flight and Primary Navigation displays, including vertical situation and horizontal situation functions.

The recommendations of this document apply to such aircraft as are able to perform both normal angle and steep IMC approaches, the latter being defined as those approaches having a final approach segment angle greater than 4°. Such aircraft can include both conventional and STOL fixed-wing aircraft, commercial air transport and/or utility and normal category helicopters, compound helicopters and powered lift vehicles (tiltrotors, tiltfans, tiltwings, etc.).

This document recommends criteria for the design, installation and operation of panels, controls, and displays on the flight deck of transport aircraft.

The EFI provides display functions that include Attitude Director Indicator (ADI), Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI), Air Data, Map display, Weather display, Radio Altitude data, Flight Control Mode annunciation, Flight Path information, and Flight Warning display. ...The EFI provides display functions that include Attitude Director Indicator (ADI), Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI), Air Data, Map display, Weather display, Radio Altitude data, Flight Control Mode annunciation, Flight Path information, and Flight Warning display....The EFI provides display functions that include Attitude Director Indicator (ADI), Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI), Air Data, Map display, Weather display, Radio Altitude data, Flight Control Mode annunciation, Flight Path information, and Flight Warning display.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies minimum performance standards for all types of electronic displays and electronic display systems that are intended for use in the flight deck by the flight crew in all 14 CFR Part 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft. ...The requirements and recommendations in this document are intended to apply to all installed electronic displays and electronic display systems including those that have a touch screen interface within the flight deck, regardless of intended function, criticality, or location within the flight deck, but may also be used for non-installed electronic displays. ...Information displays which may include navigation displays used for situation awareness only, supplemental data displays, and maintenance displays. Electronic displays can include one or more of the following interconnected components.

The document focuses on perspective flight displays with or without guidance and is intended for flight deck display applications. Further, this document does not directly address the presence or absence of background information, e.g., synthetic and/or enhanced imagery.

This document is intended for the application of color to cathode-ray-tube (CRT) displays, liquid crystal displays (LCD) and other types of display technologies such as projection displays. ...This document is intended for the application of color to cathode-ray-tube (CRT) displays, liquid crystal displays (LCD) and other types of display technologies such as projection displays. Emerging color display technologies other than those noted above, may not be adequately covered by these recommendations. ...Color recommendations will not address Night Vision Devices (NVD), Head-Up Displays (HUD) or Head or Helmet Mounted Displays (HMD). This document is applicable to aircraft as understood in 14 CFR Parts 23, Part 25, Part 27 and Part 29, and EASA CS-23, CS-25.

This document sets forth functional and design recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for flight deck display of surface operations information. It is assumed that the system will have a human centered design based on the “lessons learned” from past systems, with simple operation, consistent performance, and intuitive use, without negative transfer of information. ...The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and surface operations display components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components. ...The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations contained in this document include: The system is a flight-deck-based system displaying surface operations information to the flight crew in visibility conditions down to and including CAT IIIb or under a Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (SMGCS) When available, multiple sources of data will be used to provide the flight crew with the best available information The system will be capable of worldwide operation At least initially, paper and/or electronic versions of the surface charts will still exist and be available to the flight crew There will be pilot-in-the-loop/manual involvement in any path changes Information will be accessible by appropriate flight crew members The system will be based on the English language, but other languages may be considered The system will be available full time during all ground operations Ground operations are defined as the time from the gate to 1000 feet AGL or the departure end of the runway on departure and from 1000 feet AGL to the gate on approach.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) contains methods used to measure the optical performance of airborne electronic flat panel display (FPD) systems. The methods described are specific to the direct view, liquid crystal matrix (x-y addressable) display technology used on aircraft flight decks. ...The methods described are specific to the direct view, liquid crystal matrix (x-y addressable) display technology used on aircraft flight decks. The focus of this document is on active matrix, liquid crystal displays (LCD). ...The focus of this document is on active matrix, liquid crystal displays (LCD). The majority of the procedures can be applied to other display technologies, however, it is cautioned that some techniques need to be tailored to different display technologies.

The recommendations are applicable to HUD systems for transport category aircraft, which display flight information (focused at infinity) in the forward field of view. The HUD total system requirement recommendations shall primarily lead to certifiable fail-passive CAT III characteristics and performance. ...This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) recommends criteria for the design and installation of Head-Up Display (HUD) systems. The recommendations are applicable to HUD systems for transport category aircraft, which display flight information (focused at infinity) in the forward field of view. ...This document does not address devices for peripheral vision of displays worn by the pilot, nor the presentation of Enhanced Vision System (EVS) information.

This specification is an international standard defining the content and format of electronic files which document Flight Data Recording systems. The FRED specification is an expansion of the Flight Recorder Configuration Standard (FRCS) and is intended to provide guidelines for software systems designers and developers of ground support equipment for flight data recorders. ...The FRED specification is an expansion of the Flight Recorder Configuration Standard (FRCS) and is intended to provide guidelines for software systems designers and developers of ground support equipment for flight data recorders. ...The FRED specification is an expansion of the Flight Recorder Configuration Standard (FRCS) and is intended to provide guidelines for software systems designers and developers of ground support equipment for flight data recorders. The FRED specification has been developed to facilitate the exchange of Flight Data Recorder (FDR) documentation between aircraft manufacturers, operators, and government agencies.

ARINC 828-4 defines a common Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) interface that can support EFB installations and the associated software applications.

Results also indicate that mission-oriented flight control laws integrated with compatible displays and controllers can provide enhanced mission effectiveness and reduced pilot workload. ...An exploratory definition study has been conducted for an Advanced Fighter Digital Flight Control System. The principal objective was to derive and evaluate custom multimode control laws, related displays, and multichannel digital fly-by-wire implementation schemes for advanced Air Force and Navy fighters. ...The principal objective was to derive and evaluate custom multimode control laws, related displays, and multichannel digital fly-by-wire implementation schemes for advanced Air Force and Navy fighters.

The influence of the increasing complexity of the commercial transport operating environment is cited as the reason for applying advanced display technology to new aircraft design. Principal factors are the fuel crisis, sensitivity of the environmental noise, and the need for increased traffic capacity. ...Industry-wide development programs for fully configured flight decks, as well as specific subsystems, are reviewed.

The document defines a common software interface boundary between Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) application software and the EFB platform. The standard interface will allow EFB applications to be launched and controlled independent of other EFB applications. ...Supplement 2 provides enhancements to the original specification, including a data repository service where common flight data parameters can be used among several applications running on the EFB. A virtual keyboard and line printer service is also included.