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This SAE Recommended Practice defines a standardized test method to determine the expected service life, in cycles, of electric vehicle battery modules. It is based on a set of nominal or baseline operating conditions in order to characterize the expected degradation in electrical performance as a function of life and to identify relevant failure mechanisms where possible. ...It is based on a set of nominal or baseline operating conditions in order to characterize the expected degradation in electrical performance as a function of life and to identify relevant failure mechanisms where possible. Accelerated aging is not included in the scope of this procedure, although the time compression resulting from continuous testing may unintentionally accelerate battery degradation unless test conditions are carefully controlled. ...This may result in a measured cycle life different than that which would be determined based on actual capacity; however, this approach permits a battery manufacturer to make necessary tradeoffs between power and energy in establishing ratings for a battery module.

The purpose of ARINC Report 434 is to provide practical recommendations, based on the collective experience of the Synthetic Training Device (STD) community, for improving operational reliability and maintainability throughout the life cycle of a training device. It is hoped that formulating industry guidelines will lead to mutually defined (customer and supplier) goals for STD reliability, maintainability, and overall life-cycle cost management.

With the First Spacelab Payload (FSLP) flight on STS-9 a major step towards a permanent European space life sciences programme has been taken. A few experiments have been flown in the Apollo and Skylab programmes, but this was the first time that a larger number of experiments were flown in one mission. ...The European Space Agency (ESA) is preparing for Phase 2 of the Microgravity Programme which will last from mid 1984 till the end of 1988, thereby overlapping the first phase in 1984-85. This programme is intended to make a maximum use of existing multi-user facilities developed or under development by ESA (e.g. ...Biosample Preservation, Observation and Handling, Mini Life Support and Small Mammalian Holding Unit. This paper gives a status overview and description of the various present and planned life sciences programme elements in Europe both from a scientific and hardware point of view.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes Minimum Performance Standards (MPS) for life rafts carried on board aircraft. This document is not intended to specify particular design methods, mechanisms, or equipment to be used to accomplish the objectives established herein.

The new generation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) for the car is bringing fundamental changes in the life cycle of in-vehicle electronics and the vehicle as a whole. The first change is a trend toward an application suite in the car in which general purpose and function specific devices will be interconnected via an in-vehicle databus. ...The modularization of devices, their simple interconnectability, and the existence of software for central application management means that application-oriented in-vehicle functionality can be expanded, updated, enhanced, and reconfigured throughout the life of the vehicle. Second, a significant component of many in-vehicle ITS products is the map database that helps to determine vehicle location and route guidance.

This test method provides performance data on candidate insulation systems as a function of time and temperature. These data give engineering information on the wire insulation candidate relative to the performance of materials already in use with a backlog of experience. These tests expose candidate insulation systems to a wide range of temperatures for short and long periods of time, while measuring the degradation of its physical properties. For aerospace use, end-point proof tests include mandrel bend, water soak, and dielectric integrity.

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We experimented with both single and assembled bearings, and found that the bearing in a cooling/HVAC fan motor comes to the end of its life when the lubricating oil is decreased by half of the initial amount or more. We also found that the life could be extended by reducing the surface area exposed to ambient air and by setting proper oil flow paths inside. ...We also found that the life could be extended by reducing the surface area exposed to ambient air and by setting proper oil flow paths inside. ...With these improvements, we were able to reduce oil consumption and more than double the life of the bearing.

Application of results of laboratory charging to the charge scheme utilized in this testing has been hampered by extremely long test periods in field tests designed to cycle batteries to the end of life. Development of a predictive method of cycle life extrapolation based upon microscopic analysis promises to reduce the time required for battery cycle life testing. ...It also indicated that EVs rapidly charged demonstrated longer cycle life in field testing without reduction in capacity. Additional testing conducted by APS has shown that cycle life of the batteries is strongly related to the charging scheme utilized. ...Additional testing conducted by APS has shown that cycle life of the batteries is strongly related to the charging scheme utilized. Application of results of laboratory charging to the charge scheme utilized in this testing has been hampered by extremely long test periods in field tests designed to cycle batteries to the end of life.

This SAE Recommended Practice provides a systematic method for the identification of End Mills. It is intended to assist in the cataloging and supplying of these tools. NOTE 1— Caution must be taken when assigning codes for designation to prevent specifying cutting tools that cannot be physically or economically manufactured.

In this paper, the total life cycle (raw material, manufacturing, transportation, use and end of life) of the bumper will be studied through inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation. ...Especially, one of the environmental impact evaluation methodologies currently being developed and standardized is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a quantitative method for evaluating the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle. ...LCA is a quantitative method for evaluating the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle. Our purpose for studying LCA is to choose environmentally friendly materials. We had used polyurethane (PU) as the material for the bumper fascia.

Based on the observed wear mechanism two crack initiation dominate contact fatigue models were used to predict the wear life. The life prediction parameters were determined from statistic analysis of the experiment data. ...The performance test indicated that the end clearance between the roller and rocker had a significant influence on friction and heat generation in the roller follower.

However, the EU has chosen, until now, to focus on tailpipe emissions, which only represent the impact of the use phase of the vehicle and leave aside the impacts of material production and car manufacturing as well as the end of life. Anyway, the corresponding regulations have given the direction for car manufacturer to focus on lightweighting, which is an important part of the solution. ...It is incomplete, however, as a more holistic approach encompassing all the phases of the Life of a vehicle ought to be taken on board, which is exactly what a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is meant to do.

Internal Combustion Engine vehicles (ICEV) have approximately 80% of their environmental impact during operation, 20% during manufacturing and disposal/recycling at the end of life. On the other hand, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) have a relatively lower impact during their use. ...To account for the global environmental impact, a complete Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) needs to be done. In this work, data published by different sources and car manufacturers were used to predict the accumulated CO2e emissions along the vehicle life. ...In this work, data published by different sources and car manufacturers were used to predict the accumulated CO2e emissions along the vehicle life. In addition, a few scenarios with different assumptions were investigated. In particular, the impact of ICEVs and BEVs utilization in Brazil is lower than the world average due to the use of bioethanol as fuel and the low carbon intensity of the electricity.

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This paper tries to calculate the clutch life analytically (In terms of Kms. run by vehicle), of automotive vehicles having manual transmission. ...It calculates life based on the volumetric wear of the clutch disc and wear allowance available. The work done by other people in this domain include the empirical estimation of clutch life based on the past data, effect of the surface topography on the friction characteristics of the wet clutches, modeling of clutch housing and facing temperature for the estimation of the clutch life of a manual transmission etc. ...The work done by other people in this domain include the empirical estimation of clutch life based on the past data, effect of the surface topography on the friction characteristics of the wet clutches, modeling of clutch housing and facing temperature for the estimation of the clutch life of a manual transmission etc.

This specification covers a polyester and cotton blended broadcloth, chemically treated with a durable press finish and cured.