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eVTOL engineering takes flight

This document provides Flight Simulation Training Device (FSTD) operators, FSTD manufacturers, airplane manufacturers or other sources of approved data and vendors of airplane equipment, with a standard describing the scope and content of data required to build, test, and qualify FSTDs of adequate fidelity to meet flight crew training requirements. ...This document provides Flight Simulation Training Device (FSTD) operators, FSTD manufacturers, airplane manufacturers or other sources of approved data and vendors of airplane equipment, with a standard describing the scope and content of data required to build, test, and qualify FSTDs of adequate fidelity to meet flight crew training requirements.

This document provides Flight Simulation Training Device (FSTD) operators, FSTD manufacturers, airplane manufacturers or other sources of approved data and vendors of airplane equipment, with a standard describing the scope and content of data required to build, test, and qualify FSTDs of adequate fidelity to meet flight crew training requirements. ...This document provides Flight Simulation Training Device (FSTD) operators, FSTD manufacturers, airplane manufacturers or other sources of approved data and vendors of airplane equipment, with a standard describing the scope and content of data required to build, test, and qualify FSTDs of adequate fidelity to meet flight crew training requirements.

We present the development of a flight simulator that allows the user to interact in a created environment by means of Virtual Reality devices.

The objectives of the new rules are to increase simulator use, eliminate the need for simulator exceptions, standardize training, and standardize the FAA's oversight of training.

Linear hydraulic servoactuators are used in flight simulator motion systems to provide platform motion cues. Accurate reproduction of commanded motion while simultaneously insuring aircrew safety requires a departure from conventional servoactuator design approaches. ...This paper will discuss the unique features found on servoactuators for flight simulator motion systems and their performance testing. These features include hydrostatic bearings, low friction seals, asymmetric servovalves, abort valves and hydraulic cushions.

This paper discusses the design of an Active Feel System for a Flight Simulator. The objective is to identify relevant aspects of the active feel system design, and to propose guidelines for further analysis required for the selection of the best solution for this kind of system. ...The characteristics of an active feel system is presented, and the need for such system in a flight simulator is discussed. In addition, some relevant aspects of the implementation of an active feel system in real airplanes are briefly discussed.

DELICE was integrated into the GenHel main rotor, tail rotor, and horizontal and vertical stabilizer calculations, which allows GenHel to predict the effect of ice accretion on these surfaces on aircraft flight dynamics in trimmed and maneuvering flight. Deicing algorithms have also been included in the icing code to predict both the effect of a deicing system on aircraft flight dynamics in icing conditions and the effect of a failure in the deicing system. ...It is believed that this is the first application of an icing code to a flight simulator, either for fixed-wing or rotary-wing applications. This paper describes the code development, inputs necessary to incorporate the icing code into GenHel, and results for several test cases, including cases for steady level flight and transient maneuvers. ...The Sikorsky DELICE empirical icing code that calculates the effects of inflight icing on 2D lift, drag, and pitching moment increments has been adapted for use in Sikorsky's General Helicopter (GenHel) simulator code. DELICE was integrated into the GenHel main rotor, tail rotor, and horizontal and vertical stabilizer calculations, which allows GenHel to predict the effect of ice accretion on these surfaces on aircraft flight dynamics in trimmed and maneuvering flight.

A discussion of the various types of flight simulator visual systems in common use today is presented. Each type is evaluated with regard to its capabilities and limitations.

NASA is developing and validating technology to incorporate aircraft icing effects into a flight training device concept demonstrator. Flight simulation models of a DHC-6 Twin Otter were developed from wind tunnel data using a subscale, complete aircraft model with and without simulated ice, and from previously acquired flight data. ...This effectively reduced the safe operating margins between iced wing and iced tail stall as flap deflection and thrust were increased. This flight test demonstrated that the critical aspects to be modeled in the icing effects flight training device include: iced wing and tail stall speeds, flap and thrust effects, control forces and control effectiveness. ...Flight simulation models of a DHC-6 Twin Otter were developed from wind tunnel data using a subscale, complete aircraft model with and without simulated ice, and from previously acquired flight data. The validation of the simulation models required additional aircraft response time histories of the airplane configured with simulated ice similar to the subscale model testing.

This paper deals with concepts of motion systems which have not been fully utilized for training flight simulators, and which promise to provide a more accurate motion system representation. An examination of the vestibular system is made and the information it gives to the pilot is shown to be of a “phase advance nature” Some programming considerations of motion systems are presented.

This paper describes an analytical model suitable to study the effects of servovalve characteristics on flight simulator performance. The model considers flow non-linearities, servovalve edge sharpness, and lap conditions. ...The analysis offers a powerful tool to optimize servovalve characteristics for best simulator performance.

For the Boeing SST, flight simulators are providing important insight into problems of stability, control, and flight information display in advance of the actual cutting of metal for flying hardware. ...For the Boeing SST, flight simulators are providing important insight into problems of stability, control, and flight information display in advance of the actual cutting of metal for flying hardware. Simulator investigations have yielded tentative solutions to several flight instrumentation problems: the optimum scale factor for the pilot's pitch indicator; the economical evaluation of experimental landing displays through the use of CRT line-writing techniques; and the development of a display system for informing the pilot of his situation with respect to a prescribed sonic-boom-limited climb or descent profile.

This paper describes a fixed base engineering flight simulator that has been built and tested at Beech Aircraft Corp. The computer portion is general purpose analog so that any aircraft may be defined.

The F-35 Lockheed Martin/Northrop Grumman/BAE SYSTEMS team utilizes the unique motion capabilities of the NASA Ames Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) for control law and pilot-vehicle interface design maturation and evaluation. The first in a series of motion-based tests was conducted in February and March 2004 to (1) evaluate flying qualities characteristics where high-fidelity motion is most beneficial, (2) identify design solutions for stressing, land-based and shipboard landings, and (3) mature STOVL control laws. ...Results from the February/March 2004 NASA Ames VMS simulation, as well as preliminary results from LM Aero's-Fort Worth, TX motion-based simulator, are summarized. Plans for real-time motion simulation in (1) additional STOVL control law maturation activities and (2) verification tests in preparation for STOVL first flight are also presented. ...Plans for real-time motion simulation in (1) additional STOVL control law maturation activities and (2) verification tests in preparation for STOVL first flight are also presented.

The MIT Aeronautical Systems Lab (ASL) has developed a part-task flight simulator specifically to study the effects of these new technologies on flight crew situational awareness and performance. ...The MIT Aeronautical Systems Lab (ASL) has developed a part-task flight simulator specifically to study the effects of these new technologies on flight crew situational awareness and performance. The simulator is based on a commercially-available graphics workstation, and can be rapidly reconfigured to meet the varying demands of experimental studies. ...The simulator is based on a commercially-available graphics workstation, and can be rapidly reconfigured to meet the varying demands of experimental studies. The simulator has been successfully used to evaluate graphical microburst alerting displays, electronic instrument approach plates, terrain awareness and alerting displays, and ATC routing amendment delivery through digital datalinks.

The empennage fatigue loads for this analysis were evaluated with the use of an engineering flight simulator. The empennage balance, maneuvering, and gust loads for both the horizontal and vertical tail were determined for various flight conditions. ...The empennage balance, maneuvering, and gust loads for both the horizontal and vertical tail were determined for various flight conditions. These loads were used for analytical prediction of safe life of the empennage structure.

The present paper deals with a general ideology, hardware architecture, and some aspects of software filling of the mobile adaptive simulator aircraft of an aircraft. This simulator provides the pilotage and combat skills maintenance, pre-flight training and forthcoming, flight mission image formation on the board of his “native” aircraft with “native” habitual cockpit environment and controls. ...This simulator provides the pilotage and combat skills maintenance, pre-flight training and forthcoming, flight mission image formation on the board of his “native” aircraft with “native” habitual cockpit environment and controls.