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The paper describes a numerical study, supported by experiments, on light aircraft 2-Stroke Direct Injected Diesel engines, typically rated up to 110 kW (corresponding to about 150 imperial HP). The engines must be as light as possible and they are to be directly coupled to the propeller, without reduction drive. The ensuing main design constraints are: i) in-cylinder peak pressure as low as possible (typically, no more than 120 bar); ii) maximum rotational speed limited to 2600 rpm. As far as exhaust emissions are concerned, piston aircraft engines remain unregulated but lack of visible smoke is a customer requirement, so that a value of 1 is assumed as maximum Smoke number. For the reasons clarified in the paper, only three cylinder in line engines are investigated. Reference is made to two types of scavenging and combustion systems, designed by the authors with the assistance of state-of-the-art CFD tools and described in detail in a parallel paper.

Due to the accidents of the motor vehicles and the osteoporosis, many people enface a lot of troubles and sometimes necessities for replacement of their knee joints.

This paper describes the risk of injury to the rider in a crash using a statistical model based on real-world accident data. We analyzed the road traffic accidents data in Los Angeles and Hanover. Logistic regression modeling technique was used to clarify the relationship among probabilities of minor, serious, fatal injury risk to the rider, and the influence of risk factors in accidents involving opposing vehicle contact point, motorcycle contact point, opposing vehicle speed, motorcycle speed, relative heading angle of impact, and helmet use. ...Logistic regression modeling technique was used to clarify the relationship among probabilities of minor, serious, fatal injury risk to the rider, and the influence of risk factors in accidents involving opposing vehicle contact point, motorcycle contact point, opposing vehicle speed, motorcycle speed, relative heading angle of impact, and helmet use. ...The results suggest that this method may be valid for analyzing accident data.

Organized in cooperation with SAE International, AVL’s International Commercial Powertrain Conference- ICPC, happens every two years. It is the premier forum for truck, agricultural and construction equipment manufacturers to discuss powertrain technology challenges and solutions across their industries. This event offers a unique opportunity for engineers to address the synergy effects and distinctive characteristics of commercial vehicles, agricultural tractors and non-road vehicles, and industrial machinery. In 2017, the 9th ICPC focused on alternative powertrain technologies and innovations improving operating efficiency. These proceedings focus on: • Future challenges for engines and emissions • Smart Technologies Changing Farming • Cyber Physical Systems in Agriculture Business • OEM View of the Future of the Construction Machinery Industry • Powertrain Developments • CO2 Reduction • CVT Transmission Platform Technology • Autonomous and Connected Trucks

In statistical modeling, cross-validation refers to the practice of fitting a model with part of the available data, and then using predictions of the unused data to test and improve the fitted model. In accident reconstruction, cross-validation is possible when two different measurements can be used to estimate the same accident feature, such as when measured skidmark length and pedestrian throw distance each provide an estimate of impact speed. ...In accident reconstruction, cross-validation is possible when two different measurements can be used to estimate the same accident feature, such as when measured skidmark length and pedestrian throw distance each provide an estimate of impact speed. ...An actual measurement falling in an extreme tail of the predictive distribution suggests a weakness in the assumptions governing the reconstruction. This paper describes an implementation of these ideas using the Bayesian freeware WinBUGS.

Leaf spring is a vital suspension component, such that the failure of leaf spring could cause fatal accidents. Due to frequent failures of leaf springs on vehicles, a method is developed to perform the numerical analysis using explicit solver which provides insightful analysis of leaf springs to prevent the occurrence of failure during engineering design.

It is concluded that the use of category coefficients within the CRASH3 program can result in large delta-V errors, reaffirming the inappropriateness of this program for use in individual accident reconstructions. The use of the CRASH3 category stiffness coefficients is seen to generally overestimate vehicle energy absorption for vehicles with small amounts of frontal crush and to underestimate vehicle energy absorption for vehicles sustaining large crush.

It can target a wide range of materials, with many applications, such as in surveying and accident reconstruction. LiDAR-like systems combine laser-focused imaging with the ability to calculate distances by measuring the time for a signal to return using various electronic sensors. ...The point clouds were then used for a sample calculation of Delta-V for accident reconstruction purposes. When utilizing the EDCRASH simulation program to determine Delta-V, the percent error was less than 1% between the two sets of point clouds.

Gabor Order Tracking (GOT) is offered as one possible masking strategy for extracting desired signal components from the time/frequency domain for reconstruction in the time domain. Practical examples are utilized to illustrate the proposed method in comparison to established techniques.

This is achieved through the combined use of effectiveness or reliability models, Monte Carlo simulation and/or probability moments, and Bayesian statistics.

This paper presents a review on pedestrian impact reconstruction methodology and offers a comprehensive review of the literature. Several types of analyses are discussed which can be used to reconstruct the accident scenario using the facts collected from the scene. ...Several types of analyses are discussed which can be used to reconstruct the accident scenario using the facts collected from the scene. Inclusive in this review is the utilization of skid mark analysis, debris analysis, injury/damage match-up, trajectory analysis, nighttime visibility, and alcohol effects. ...The pedestrian impact reconstruction methodology is illustrated with a real world case example to point out different observations which can provide insight into the pedestrian/vehicle collision reconstruction approach.

This paper presents a review on pedestrian impact reconstruction methodology and offers a comprehensive review of the literature. Several types of analyses are discussed which can be used to reconstruct the accident scenario using the facts collected from the scene. ...Several types of analyses are discussed which can be used to reconstruct the accident scenario using the facts collected from the scene. Inclusive in this review is the utilization of skid mark analysis, debris analysis, injury/damage match-up, trajectory analysis, nighttime visibility, and alcohol effects. ...The pedestrian impact reconstruction methodology is illustrated with a real world case example to point out different observations which can provide insight into the pedestrian/vehicle collision reconstruction approach.

General agreement exists that the ultimate goals of traffic accident research are to reduce fatality, mitigate injury and decrease economic loss to society. ...Specifically, the coded variables in the different files are not consistent and little information on accident etiology is collected. Examples of the inadequacies of present data in terms of the collected and coded variables are shown. ...The vehicular, environmental and human (consisting of human factors and injury factors) variables are disproportionately represented in most existing data files in terms of recognized statistical evidence of accident causation. A systems approach is needed to identify critical, currently neglected variables and develop units of measurement and data collection procedures.

Designing a vehicle for superior crash safety performance in consumer rating tests such as US-NCAP is a compelling target in the design of passenger vehicles. In today’s context, there is also a high emphasis on making a vehicle as lightweight as possible which calls for an efficient design. In modern vehicle design, these objectives can only be achieved through Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) for which a detailed CAD (Computer-Aided Design) model of a vehicle is a pre-requisite. In the absence of the latter (i.e. a matured CAD model) at the initial and perhaps the most crucial phase of vehicle body design, a rational approach to design would be to resort to a knowledge-based methodology which can enable crash safety assessment of an assumed design using artificial intelligence techniques such as neural networks.

The rollover threshold for a partially filled tanker truck carrying fluid cargo is of great importance due to the catastrophic nature of accidents involving such vehicles, particularly when payloads are toxic and flammable. In this paper, a method for determining the threshold of rollover stability of a specific tanker truck is presented using finite element analysis methods.

To eradicate lethal road accidents, car manufacturers are constantly introducing new perception as well as control systems.

In this method using some tactile sensors, the system predicts fatigue before the driver falls asleep, while driver's alertness and reaction decreases and the probability of the accident increases. An alarm massage concentrates the driver attention while s/he is going to be fallen in sleep.

The reproduction of the vehicle motion is a crucial element of accident reconstruction. Apart from the position of the center of gravity in an inertial coordinate system, the vehicle heading plays an important role.

Also, because of the excessive computational costs, modeling-based approaches, such as a Monte Carlo approach, may not be practical. This work provides a traditional statistical approach to uncertainty analysis that incorporates the uncertainty tree, which is a graphical tool for complex uncertainty analysis.

Automatic Transmissions managements are often based on throttle position and vehicle speed and mainly aim to reduce fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, in vehicles equipped with Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). This is an important goal from two viewpoints: fuel economy and greenhouse gases (GHG) containment, with benefits in terms of global warming and climate change. At the same time, traffic stops are due to the detection of other pollutants, as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PMx), which are harmful for human health. This is particularly true in urban areas, especially during traffic jams. Moreover, localized high levels of the pollutants produced may not be detected by conventional and relatively far air quality detection stations.