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digital standards systems an integrated approach to engineering standards usage

This specification establishes environmental criteria for designing Aerospace Ground Equipment (AGE) in support of space systems. The test levels in this specification have been elevated to compensate for absence of combined environments during test, and to allow for variations in equipment and operating conditions.

The Air Force Space Systems Division's continued development of equipments for the space program is producing problems in engineering for transportability that are even more challenging than those faced in the development of the missile family. ...The measures implemented in the Air Force Systems Command's 375 Series Manuals to integrate the Engineering for Transportability Program into the design engineering process will be summarized.

Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) have launched RemoveDEBRIS, the first satellite with space debris-removal capabilities and the largest satellite ever deployed from the ISS. ...RemoveDEBRIS, a low Earth orbit test bed for determining the efficacy of active debris removal (ADR) systems, is a multinational effort involving space agencies, aerospace experts, and technologies from throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, and the U.S.

This paper presents a description of some of the problems encountered in the design of space systems and discusses some of the approaches, considerations, and analytic tools which may be useful in solving those problems. ...The analytic approaches discussed are meant to be representative of the types of analysis available and are used to illustrate some of the techniques which have been satisfactorily used on space programs.

Reliability and maintainability of both terrestrial and space systems have too long been needlessly sacrificed because man's role within each system has been an afterthought. ...This paper presents the results of recent research in human engineering which should aid system designers to optimize man's role as a control element in space systems. In particular, five human characteristics necessary for spacecraft control are shown to exceed the capabilities of any known or planned machines. ...The maximum role of which man is capable should be defined for each particular space system. When this maximum role is known, then tradeoffs become possible between human and automatic control.

The interface of a real-time data stream to a system for analysis, pattern recognition, and anomaly detection can require distributed system architectures and sophisticated custom programming. ...Second, the interface of legacy routines, such as NASA's Inductive Monitoring System (IMS), with a hybrid signal processing system. Third, the connectivity and interaction of the signal processing system with a wireless and distributed tablet, (iPhone/iPad) in a hybrid system configuration using cloud computing. ...Third, the connectivity and interaction of the signal processing system with a wireless and distributed tablet, (iPhone/iPad) in a hybrid system configuration using cloud computing.

Significant factors in the selection of a nonpropulsive power system are the mission, power requirements, mass, size, ease of integration, compatibility with the space environment, reliability, and availability. ...Significant factors in the selection of a nonpropulsive power system are the mission, power requirements, mass, size, ease of integration, compatibility with the space environment, reliability, and availability. Through 1970, one-day missions will probably use batteries.

Health monitoring during extra-vehicular activity is especially crucial because it is among the most physically demanding phases of space flight With the existing space suit bioinstrumentation system nearing completion of its third decade of service, it is time to consider developing the next generation of bioinstrumentation systems, building on the lessons of the past while incorporating updated technology. ...As the duration of space missions increases, the importance of astronaut health monitoring systems increases. Health monitoring during extra-vehicular activity is especially crucial because it is among the most physically demanding phases of space flight With the existing space suit bioinstrumentation system nearing completion of its third decade of service, it is time to consider developing the next generation of bioinstrumentation systems, building on the lessons of the past while incorporating updated technology. ...Health monitoring during extra-vehicular activity is especially crucial because it is among the most physically demanding phases of space flight With the existing space suit bioinstrumentation system nearing completion of its third decade of service, it is time to consider developing the next generation of bioinstrumentation systems, building on the lessons of the past while incorporating updated technology.

Future space transportation systems will include the improved Space Shuttle, new and derivative cargo launch vehicles, new propulsion systems, orbital transfer and maneuvering vehicles, and a second generation Shuttle. ...A summary of the potential requirements, proposed configurations, inherent development problems, and technologies to be considered for future space transportation systems are presented here....Future space transportation systems will include the improved Space Shuttle, new and derivative cargo launch vehicles, new propulsion systems, orbital transfer and maneuvering vehicles, and a second generation Shuttle. More efficient and capable systems must be developed by placing strong emphasis on high reliability, safety, and improved ground and flight operations.

This paper explores some of the many considerations which enter into the choice of a specific spacecraft propulsion system for a particular application. The environment and its influence on propulsion requirements are discussed in general terms, characteristics of several propellant combinations are presented and an example of a typical ambitious mission is used. ...A general conclusion is that the state of the art of spacecraft propulsion technology must advance on a broad front in the time period prior to project definition in order to provide the technological options which allow significant optimization of the complete project propulsion system.

This paper describes the NASA/JSC Research Technology Opportunity Program (RTOP) activity to assess the supportability of space systems throughout their life cycles. Supportability analyses for space systems present unique attributes and problems. ...The OSMOSSYS (Object oriented Simulation of Maintenance and Operations for Space Systems) was developed using object-oriented design concepts to provide NASA an analysis tool which addresses the question “Will a proposed space facility be able to successfully perform the missions for which it is designed?” ...The OSMOSSYS (Object oriented Simulation of Maintenance and Operations for Space Systems) was developed using object-oriented design concepts to provide NASA an analysis tool which addresses the question “Will a proposed space facility be able to successfully perform the missions for which it is designed?” This model integrates the complete configuration of the system including the reliability and maintainability characteristics of each component, the logistics support, and the mission operations of the facility to assess the success rate of the planned mission(s).

Life cycle cost estimates are made for an architecture (family) consisting of advanced space systems. An evaluation of the acquisition phases indicates that a very large percentage of these costs occur in manufacturing. ...A review of the costing methodology utilized in unit production costs indicates that the data base does not reflect the type of advanced manufacturing processes that would exist when the space systems become operational (in the 21st century). A review is made of the attributes of the factory of the future, and the impact it could have on current cost models used in planning program budgets. ...Several examples are presented to show the unit production cost saving obtainable when advanced manufacturing processes are applied to high technology areas such as mechanical and electrical space systems, and microelectronic applications (i.e., data processor). The overall implication is that cost reductions up to an order of magnitude are possible in the near time frame if these advanced manufacturing processes are initiated in a revolutionary, rather than an evolutionary manner.

Two of these environments, Remote Component Environment and Virtual Satellite, developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), are analyzed in detail, as well as their applicability to organizations which strongly use modeling and simulation and need to manage data and simulation processes in space systems projects. All that suggests that Simulation Process and Data Management (SPDM) systems are increasingly useful and mandatory. ...For the development of complex systems, concurrent engineering processes are being progressively used to integrate teams responsible for different design disciplines. ...The volume of data generated by simulation processes in the development of these systems has grown increasingly, which generates problems such as lack of data traceability and reuse, rework and increased project costs.

This paper discusses the nature and magnitude of the anticipated air traffic and operational control requirements and alternative concepts involving space systems and major factors related to planning and the implementation of these plans.

The variety of thermal design and analysis software tools available on the international market is wide, with a number of different ‘standards’ for the space industry. The major tools include the ubiquitous SINDA in its many forms, TRASYS, ESATAN, ESARAD, THERMICA, Thermal Desktop, IDEAS-TMG, and the list goes on. ...To add to this complexity, equipment subcontractors whose main business is not within the space industry tend to use non-specialist software for their thermal analysis, often doubling up with their structural analysis tools such as Nastran, Ansys, etc. ...As a spacecraft systems thermal engineer, this wide variety of tools and model formats can lead to significant time spent translating and coordinating delivered thermal mathematical models to create the overall system level model.

Computer Limitation Problems identified are capability to calculate large factorial numbers, the calculation of initial system reliability when the system λT** is very large, reduction of run times, and core storage limitations. ...Program Logic Problems include describing basic system components to ensure logical results, forcing the computer to select redundant configurations which have been predetermined as necessary, establishing a rationale for investigating crew survival and mission success, and methods of handling components with short wear lives.