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eVTOL engineering takes flight

SOME of the aerodynamic and mechanical problems of jet engines designed for supersonic flight speeds are discussed in this paper. The aerodynamic problems considered include the required range of operation of the compressor, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, the inlet-engine airflow match, and jet nozzle design.

The general problem of applying propulsion systems to supersonic aircraft is discussed briefly and it is shown that neither turbojets nor ramjets are entirely satisfactory when used by themselves. ...A satisfactory solution does result when the powerplants are combined; high supersonic performance then can be achieved without sacrifice of subsonic capability. In order to avoid the confusion resulting from the comparison of propulsion system performance using the special parameters associated with each type of engine, performance is compared along operating altitude-Mach number paths in terms of thrust and specific fuel consumption only.

This paper discusses possible novel flight characteristics of the supersonic transport, the interrelation of flight characteristics and performance requirements, methods for evaluating the effects of flight characteristics, and examples of how these methods are being used; in SST studies. ...This paper discusses possible novel flight characteristics of the supersonic transport, the interrelation of flight characteristics and performance requirements, methods for evaluating the effects of flight characteristics, and examples of how these methods are being used; in SST studies. It also reviews previous flight test experience which may be applicable to the SST, and points out the needs for further research, improved handling qualities, cockpit design, and instrumentation. ...It also reviews previous flight test experience which may be applicable to the SST, and points out the needs for further research, improved handling qualities, cockpit design, and instrumentation.

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This paper discusses some critical control problems in supersonic aircraft and attempts to place flight control systems design in proper perspective. A review of past concepts and problem is followed by a discussion of performance requirements, a description of the control problem, some design concepts, typical mechanization to provide problem solutions, a review of the state-of-the-art, and finally some conclusions delineating the vital role of flight control in supersonic vehicle design. ...A review of past concepts and problem is followed by a discussion of performance requirements, a description of the control problem, some design concepts, typical mechanization to provide problem solutions, a review of the state-of-the-art, and finally some conclusions delineating the vital role of flight control in supersonic vehicle design.

Significant improvements in the performance of a supersonic transport can be obtained if the automatic flight control system is given the task of improving the handling qualities of the basic aircraft and augmenting the damping of the flexible airframe. ...It is proposed that the resulting summaries be considered when establishing design specifications for future supersonic transport automatic flight control systems....This paper summarizes data on the passenger comfort obtained from motion simulators, routine airline operations, and military flight test data, and defines a passenger-comfort boundary that covers the frequency range of .2 to 100 cps.

The paper outlines a general philosophy for locating and equipping the major crew member stations in supersonic transport aircraft, and also highlights some important comfort items that reflect poor design in current jet aircraft. ...A few suggestions are made on crew seating, control wheel design, instrumentation, visibility, and flight engineer's station requirements, showing examples of each.

The paper outlines some considerations for design engineers concerning the handling qualities of commercial supersonic transport aircraft, as well as a review of some more important stability requirements. ...It concludes with a recommended test for obtaining the flight handling qualities required for airline operation, which will assure the meeting of the economic demands of the business.

While the SST will operate in environments that are new to commercial passenger airplanes, its flight control system introduces no radical changes in operating procedures. All primary flight control surfaces are operated by triple, noninterconnected hydraulic systems. ...Optimum lift/drag characteristics are assured through variable-sweep wings, direct lift control, and the secondary flight controls. Trim is accomplished by displacing the primary control surfaces. Development of flight control system components is progressing on schedule. ...Development of flight control system components is progressing on schedule.

Also, the optimal control strategies for transitions from a short-takeoff to forward flight and from forward flight to hover are determined. The results have applicability beyond the configuration evaluated.

The dose rates and fractional cell lethality values are found to be small, posing no practical restriction to normal flight scheduling for either passengers or crew. Solar flare proton events are shown to develop slowly enough to allow an aircraft to proceed to destination without excessive dose to its occupants.

The “Orient Express” has stimulated thought about high-speed commercial flight, particularly to Pacific Rim countries. NASA has proposed a program that would lead to a M=2.7, 5500 n. mile, 250-passenger Advanced Supersonic Transport (AST) around the year 2000. ...NASA has proposed a program that would lead to a M=2.7, 5500 n. mile, 250-passenger Advanced Supersonic Transport (AST) around the year 2000. This paper briefly reflects on the Concorde experience over the last ten years, and reviews the arguments for and against future supersonic transports. ...This paper briefly reflects on the Concorde experience over the last ten years, and reviews the arguments for and against future supersonic transports.

The aim of this work is to present the preliminary performance studies of the unmanned, lightweight (less than 10 kg), supersonic research aircraft. The studies comprise the typical mission for the aircraft's first supersonic version, based on the aerodynamic, thrust, and mass characteristics presented in a previous work. ...The studies comprise the typical mission for the aircraft's first supersonic version, based on the aerodynamic, thrust, and mass characteristics presented in a previous work. ...The aircraft, named as “Pohox”, is an Unmanned Air Vehicle, or “UAV”, and is intended to be the flying test bed for a multi cycle engine capable to provide thrust in subsonic, transonic and supersonic regimes. Different tools have been developed to perform the analysis. In the analysis, different flight paths are considered in order to provide insights in terms of fuel consumption, altitude and speed gain.

It is intended to be the flying test bed for a multicycle engine capable to provide thrust in subsonic, transonic and supersonic regimes. In order to provide validation of the analysis tools, flight performance characteristics of a known, high speed aircraft - North American X-15 - have been also evaluated and compared with the available flight test data. ...The aim of this work is to present the preliminary configuration design studies for an unmanned, lightweight (less than 15 kg), supersonic research aircraft. The studies comprise the aircraft typical mission, the aerodynamic and structural arrangement, preliminary performance, as well as mass distribution. ...In order to provide validation of the analysis tools, flight performance characteristics of a known, high speed aircraft - North American X-15 - have been also evaluated and compared with the available flight test data. The present analysis is an important step towards the aircraft detailed definition.

Interactions between propulsion systems and flight controls have emerged as a major control problem on supersonic cruise aircraft. This paper describes the nature and causes of these interactions and the approaches to predicting and solving the problem. ...Integration of propulsion and flight control systems appears to be the most promising solution if the interaction effects can be adequately predicted early in the vehicle design.