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Initiatives have been and will be taken to define very strict emission limitations for Heavy-Duty (HD) urban transport vehicles in Europe. This will probably led to a class of very clean, so-called, Enhanced Environmentally friendly Vehicles (EEV).

First, a random road type profile is generated from the four different road types that are considered in the WLTP database: urban, rural, motorway and high-motorway, each of them with sub-road types based on different velocity bins.

The results revealed that harsh accelerations, extreme ambient temperatures, very short trips (particularly at urban conditions), DPF regeneration and uphill driving, or combination of those conditions, can result to high emissions.