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The U.S. general aviation manufacturing industry has deteriorated almost to the point of extinction within the past decade. There are several factors potentially contributing to this deterioration; however, the escalation and unpredictability of product-liability costs are claimed to be the most significant. General aviation manufacturers are subject to the product-liability laws of each state. Efforts to reform this system have been underway since 1986. However, these efforts have been stymied by opponents whose primary concern is that the reform will not allow some accident victims to be properly compensated for their damages. There are immediate policy alternatives that will potentially alleviate the product-liability problem of the industry: General Aviation Accident Liability Standards Act, Product Liability Fairness Act, and state reform. Other alternatives that require further investigation include increased safety regulation and mandatory pilot liability insurance.

Potential regulations surrounding the development, testing and commercial launch of Highly Automated Vehicles and possible liability exposure for the manufacturing and operation of Highly Automated Vehicles are fluid and changing areas, that will continue to evolve over the next several years. The first half of this course reviews where regulations are at the state and federal levels, what actions are currently under consideration, how current regulations will need to change to accommodate HAV’s, and how and when new regulations might be implemented. The second half covers both common law and strict liability and how it may apply to HAV’s.

A three-step vehicle development process for crashworthiness in the frontal impact test mode is proposed in this paper. The three steps are: (a) System identification, (b) Initial Component Sizing and (c) Detailed Analyses, System Integration and Optimization, which suggests the use of FEA methods to do detailed analyses, system integration and design optimization as applicable in the later part of the process when more vehicle details are known. This paper discusses this process and the results achieved. Limitations inherent in this approach are also identified and discussed. The emphasis is on the development of the structural aspects of a vehicle for a high star rate performance in the NHTSA NCAP impact test mode.

This document describes requirements for standardized processes (and associated technologies) that ensure type design data are retrievable and usable for the life of a type certificate (50+ years). These processes are primarily concerned with, but not limited to, digital type design data retained in three-dimensional representations and associated data that is required for complete product definition, such as tolerances, specification call-outs, product structure and configuration control data, etc. This process standard includes process requirements for managing the evolution of technologies required to ensure the availability of the data for the life of the product. This data must be available to meet regulatory, legal, contractual and business requirements. This process standard is not intended to incorporate every company specific requirement and does not dictate specific organizational structures within a company.

This document describes requirements for standardized processes (and associated technologies) that ensure type design data are retrievable and usable for the life of a type certificate (50+ years). These processes are primarily concerned with, but not limited to, digital type design data retained in three-dimensional representations and associated data that is required for complete product definition, such as tolerances, specification call-outs, product structure and configuration control data, etc. This process standard includes process requirements for managing the evolution of technologies required to ensure the availability of the data for the life of the product. This data must be available to meet regulatory, legal, contractual and business requirements. This process standard is not intended to incorporate every company specific requirement and does not dictate specific organizational structures within a company.

The focus of this paper is the systematic identification of potential energy management projects in the industrial manufacturing setting. Most manufacturing facilities tend to aggregate the energy usage of the various internal processes into a single utility meter. This leads to a lack of understanding of the role of the individual process contributions to energy costs for the final product. Further, the current methods of selecting sub-processes for energy improvement processes tend to be ad hoc, or experience based. Most energy improvement software either begins with the notion that the particular processes to be improved have already been identified or that some form of a priori domain knowledge is needed to identify these processes. This paper describes a tool that gives the plant manager an understanding of the energy use of individual processes at a systems level and uses a more quantitative means for the identification of candidate energy improvement projects.

The paper describes the system of reproduction signals applied through wheels with tyres on the stand which simulates the movement of vehicle on selected sector of road. The system used in the Institute for Automobile Industry in Warsaw exploits mixed, analog-digital method which by following iterations solves the vehicle identification problem and the inverse problem /determining actuating signals/. Both problems were solved using standard analyzing-computing equipment.

Nowadays, optimization of manufacturing and assembly operations requires taking into account the inherent processes variations. Geometric and dimensional metrology of mechanical parts is very crucial for the aerospace industry and contributes greatly to its. In a free-state condition, non-rigid parts (or compliant parts) may have a significant different shape than their nominal geometry (CAD model) due to gravity loads and residual stress. Typically, the quality control of such parts requires a special approach where expensive and specialized fixtures are needed to constrain dedicated and follow the component during the inspection. Inspecting these parts without jig will have significant economic impacts for aerospace industries, reducing delays and the cost of product quality inspection. The Iterative Displacement Inspection (IDI) algorithm has been developed to deal with this problem.

For high-level autonomous vehicles, under many circumstances, accidents are not caused by functional failures, but by system performance limitations and human misuses. ISO 21448 defines this kind of safety issue as safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF). However, most of SOTIF-related researches focus on hazard identification and risk evaluation, as well as verification and validation. There is still lack of public systematic identification method for triggering events. Therefore, this paper proposes an identification framework for triggering events which are related to system performance limitations and human misuses. In the aspect of system performance limitations, there are four steps, which are the specification of the research target, the analysis of influencing factors, the identification of triggering events, and the verification test. In the aspect of human misuses, triggering events can be identified based on the guide words for human error.

The purpose of this paper is to describe an idle speed regulation formula based on a sampled model of a second order type, taken to show the Internal Combustion (IC) engine dynamics from the by-pass idling throttle (RPM vs Duty Cycle). The identification of this reduced model, and the calculation of the desired closed-loop transfer function give the optimal numerical coefficients of the recursive control law. Parametric degrees of freedom are: damping and response time before steady state. Calibration values are calculated in an automatic process by tuning physical parameters. Initial conditions are determined in order to eliminate transient oscillations of the engine speed output. The noticable advantages are: the power of this numerical control law with regard to variable inertia and charge, the good damping obtained on frequency response, and the integrated adaptive form. All kinds of IC engines may be considered and controlled by this law.

Intelligent sweeper vehicle is gradually applied to human life, in which the accuracy of garbage identification and classification can improve cleaning efficiency and save labor cost. Although Deep Learning has made significant progress in computer vision and the application of semantic network segmentation can improve waste identification rate and classification accuracy. Due to the loss of some spatial information during the convolution process, coupled with the lack of specific datasets for garbage identification, the training of the network and the improvement of recognition and classification accuracy are affected. Based on the Unet algorithm, in this paper we adjust the number of input and output channels in the convolutional layer to improve the speed during the feature extraction part. In addition, manually generated datasets are used to greatly improve the robustness of the model.

In recent years, developments in virtual prototyping have gained significant interest. The promise of cost savings and the need for rapid simulations in order to be able to offer various platforms has led to automated coupling of software for various physical models. But relying heavily on simulation necessitates confidence in the results obtained. By incorporating various physical models the number of parameters to be set increases. The uncertainties associated with these input parameters are propagated to the simulation results. Uncertainty analysis aims at quantifying those influences. In this paper local first order sensitivity analysis for conjugate heat transfer problems including cavity radiation is introduced. The issue of memory requirement associated with this approach for industrial sized cases is discussed.

The time required for the shifting elements in an automatic transmission to complete their engagements is an important indicator of the performance of both friction elements and automatic transmission fluids. The common method of measuring shifting time via analog (chart) recording techniques is somewhat time consuming; moreover, it is subject to interpretative error and does not lend itself to quick, accurate determinations. A shift timing device that has been designed and built utilizing digital techniques gives an automatic unattended digital readout of shift time. The details of this timer and applications of it to automatic transmission fluid testing are discussed. THE TIME REQUIRED for the shifting elements in automatic transmissions to complete their engagements is an important indicator of transmission fluid and friction element performance and durability.

To simulate vehicle dynamic performance, accurate parameters must be available to relate the vehicle differential equation model to the actual vehicle. This paper presents a simplified method to identify vehicle suspension spring rates, damping characteristics, and unsprung mass inertia properties. The method presented employs a digital computer algorithm to implement an equation error identification technique. A sequence of four laboratory tests was developed to obtain suspension input and response data required in the equation error technique. Each test is of a short duration (less than three seconds) and does not require vehicle disassembly. To verify the technique a test stand employing an electro-hydraulic position servosystem was constructed and the test sequence was applied to the rear suspension of a 1972 Pontiac Catalina.

The increasing power and safety requirements of electrical systems present a challenge for future automotive electrical networks. However, the modeling of use-profiles and the overall power consumption of electrical systems proves to be difficult as the number of potential on/off combinations of the loads is tremendous. Furthermore, the operation of some loads is correlated or depends upon the operating conditions. Thus, simple worst-case calculations applied to this complexity often lead to an over-specification of components. The proposed approach is based on the probabilities of loads being in the on-state and their respective interdependencies with each other and with boundary conditions such as time of day. Applying basic statistics and a new iterative algorithm, it allows the calculation of the probability of consumed total power for a given set of boundary conditions and of, very importantly, its expected continuous period.

This report documents the accident data collection, processing and analysis methodology used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in a major agency agency investigation of the rollover propensity of light duty vehicles. Specifically, these efforts were initiated in response to two petitions for rulemaking requesting the development of a standard for rollover stability. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the ability of a number of stability measures to predict vehicle rollover propensity, while accounting for a number of driver and environmental factors. It is not the intent of this paper to document formal agency policy in the area of any possible rulemaking efforts, and as such, references to these activities are not discussed. The reader can obtain information on this activity through normal agency procedures.

It is essential to attain accurate understanding of vehicle service loads for customer usage and to reflect this understanding into development test conditions established to ensure strength and durability. The Road Load Standardization Subcommittee* of the Japan Society of Automotive Engineers (JSAE) Fatigue and Reliability Committee has therefore employed direct measurement and new analytic methods in an attempt to quantify Japan-wide on road service load data. This quantified data has been used as the basis to standardize road loads for a wide range of vehicle categories. The following were major considerations in the implementation of this research: Employment of a 6 degree of freedom (6DOF) wheel force transducer (increased measurement accuracy) Identification of load from road input vs input from driving operation generated.

Model based design is a standard practice within the aerospace industry. However, the accuracies of these models are only as good as the parameters used to define them and as a result a great deal of effort is spent on model tuning and parameter identification. This process can be very challenging and with the growing complexity and size of these models, manual tuning is often ineffective. Many methods for automated parameter tuning exist. However, for aircraft systems this often leads to large parameter search problems since frequency based identification and direct gradient search schemes are generally not suitable. Furthermore, the cost of experimentation often limits one to sparse data sets which adds an additional layer of difficulty. As a result, these search problems can be highly sensitive to the definition of the model fitness function, the choice of algorithm, and the criteria for convergence.

This paper presents a variable compression ratio (VCR) system that has a new piston-crankshaft mechanism with multiple links. This multi-link mechanism varies the piston position at top dead center (TDC), making it possible to change the compression ratio of the engine continuously. Previous attempts have been made to achieve variable compression ratio with this type of method, but it was difficult to avoid various undesirable effects such as an increase in the engine size, substantial weight increases, increased engine block vibration due to a worsening of piston acceleration characteristics and increased friction resulting from a larger number of sliding parts. At the stage of developing the basic design of the multi-link geometry, emphasis was placed on selection of a suitable link geometry and optimization of the detailed dimensions with the aim of essentially resolving these previous issues.

An experimental study of a ground-effect vehicle has been performed using a scale model in a wind tunnel with moving ground plane and in a second tunnel with a fixed floor. The diagnostic techniques used included force-balance measurements and surface - pressure measurements on the underside of the model. The analysis and comparison of the two different data sets has provided information on the aerodynamic efficiency of the ground-effect shape as well as a tool for quantifying the effect of a moving floor. In addition, a directional pitot probe was used to obtain the pressure and velocity fields at various locations in the wake of the model. Maps of longitudinal velocity component and total-pressure loss coefficient permit an identification of the wake shape and structure which has led to better understanding of the aerodynamic features of the model.