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This recommended practice specifies the conditions of testing marine engine configuration for the determination of the rated power (single point) or power curve, when declaring crankshaft power or propeller shaft power. This code is not intended as a complete laboratory test manual or for derating engines for site conditions. (The rated power should give satisfactory expected life in the intended application.) This code is composed of the following Sections: 1 Definitions of Terminology 2 Test Equipment Requirements 3 Test Procedures 4 Computations and Results 5 Presentation of Results

The test procedures outlined in this SAE Standard are applicable to turbocharging systems having either fixed- or variable-geometry.

This SAE Standard applies only to spark plugs used for ground vehicles and stationary engines. This document is intended to serve as a guide to dimensions common to the majority of current production spark plugs and future applications. It is not the intent of this document to prohibit the manufacture of spark plugs having dimensions differing from those presented. Many applications exist which require specialized or nonstandard spark plugs. It is recommended that this document be used in spark plug design and engine applications wherever possible. Whenever design situations arise that prevent the use of one of these standard spark plugs, a spark plug manufacturer should be contacted for guidance. Figures 1 to 13 and Tables 1A to 6 show typical configurations of unshielded and shielded spark plug designs, their dimensional characteristics, installation, threaded hole, and spark plug thread sizes.

The fluid flow treated in this section is isothermal, subsonic, and incompressible. The effects of heat addition, work on the fluid, variation in sonic velocity, and changes in elevation are neglected. An incompressible fluid is one in which a change in pressure causes no resulting change in fluid density. The assumption that liquids are incompressible introduces no appreciable error in calculations, but the assumption that a gas is incompressible introduces an error of a magnitude that is dependent on the fluid velocity and on the loss coefficient of the particular duct section or piece of equipment. Fig. 1A-1 shows the error in pressure drop resulting from assuming that air is incompressible. With reasonably small loss coefficients and the accuracy that is usually required in most calculations, compressible fluids may be treated as incompressible for velocities less than Mach 0.2.

The fluid flow treated in this section is isothermal, subsonic, and incompressible. The effects of heat addition, work on the fluid, variation in sonic velocity, and changes in elevation are neglected. An incompressible fluid is one in which a change in pressure causes no resulting change in fluid density. The assumption that liquids are incompressible introduces no appreciable error in calculations, but the assumption that a gas is incompressible introduces an error of a magnitude that is dependent on the fluid velocity and on the loss coefficient of the particular duct section or piece of equipment. Fig. 1A-1 shows the error in pressure drop resulting from assuming that air is incompressible. With reasonably small loss coefficients and the accuracy that is usually required in most calculations, compressible fluids may be treated as incompressible for velocities less than Mach 0.2.

Brake caliper commonly utilizes rubber or spring components to maintain specific clearance range for sliding characteristics, rendering them susceptible to rattle noise. The Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) caliper has attracted attention for its advantageous features such as reduced brake drag, optimized vehicle layout, and precise brake control. However, the inclusion of additional components related to the dry-type pressurizing system results in increased caliper weight and susceptibility to rattle noise. This study thoroughly examines rattle noise characteristics in our prototype EMB caliper, identifying primary noise sources on the piston and guide-pin sides. Implementing piston seals and guide-pin boots tightening force proves the effectiveness in improving rattle noise characteristics. Collisions between the piston and ball-screw head can be mitigated by piston inner seal, significantly reducing rattle noise.

Abstract Modern diesel engines temporarily use a very late post-injection in the combustion cycle to either generate heat for a diesel particulate filter regeneration or purge a lean NOx trap. In some configurations, unburned fuel is left at the cylinder walls and is transported via the piston rings toward the lower crankcase region, where fuel may dilute the oil. Reduced oil lubrication shortens the oil service intervals and increases friction. Beside diesel fuel, this problem may also occur for other types of liquid fuels such as alcohols and e-fuels. The exact transport mechanism of the unburned fuel via the piston ring pack grooves and cylinder wall is hard to measure experimentally, motivating numerical flow simulation in early design stages for an in-depth understanding of the involved processes.

In this work, an experimental and analysis methodology was developed to evaluate the preignition propensity of fuels and engine operating conditions in an SI engine. A heated glow plug was introduced into the combustion chamber to induce early propagating flames. As the temperature of the glowplug varied, both the fraction of cycles experiencing these early flames and the phasing of this combustion in the engine cycle varied. A statistical methodology for assigning a single-value to this complex behavior was developed and found to have very good repeatability. The effects of engine operating conditions and fuels were evaluated using this methodology. While this study is not directly studying the so-called stochastic preignition or low-speed preignition problem, it studies one aspect of that problem in a very controlled manner.

A unique single cylinder engine was used to assess engine performance and combustion characteristics at three different strokes, with all other variables held constant. The engine utilized a production four-valve, pentroof cylinder head with an 86mm bore. The stock piston was used, and a variable deck height design allowed three crankshafts with strokes of 86, 98, and 115mm to be tested. The compression ratio was also held constant. The engine was run with a controlled boost-to-backpressure ratio to simulate turbocharged operation, and the valve events were optimized for each operating condition using intake and exhaust cam phasers. EGR rates were swept from zero to twenty percent under low and high speed conditions, at MBT and maximum retard ignition timings. The increased stroke engines demonstrated efficiency gains under all operating conditions, as well as measurably reduced 10-to-90 percent burn durations.

The friction reducing capability of engine oils in the piston ring/cylinder bore contact was investigated under fully-flooded and starved lubrication conditions at 100° C using a laboratory piston ring/cylinder bore friction rig. The rig is designed to acquire instantaneous transient measurements of applied loads and friction forces at the ring/bore interface in reciprocating motion over a 50.8 mm stroke. The effects of increasing load and speed on the friction coefficient have been compared with new and used engine oils of different viscosity that were formulated with and without friction modifying additives. Test results with fully formulated engine oils containing molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) show that friction is always lower than that obtained with non-friction modified oils but in regions of persistent starvation the coefficient of friction can increase significantly, approaching levels equivalent to fully-flooded non-friction modified formulations.

This SAE Recommended Practice promotes uniformity in the evaluation and qualification tests conducted on GDI fuel injectors used in gasoline engine applications, where fuel pressures are typically well above 1 MPa. The document scope is limited to electrically-actuated fuel injection devices used in automotive GDI systems and is primarily restricted to bench tests.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers requirements for a self-propelled, boom type aerial device, equipped with an aircraft deicing fluid spraying system. The unit shall be highly maneuverable for deicing all exterior surfaces of wide-body and smaller commercial jet aircraft, e.g., B-747 to Fokker F28 and BAC-111. The vehicle will also be used for aircraft maintenance and inspection. The vehicle shall be suitable for day and night operations.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers requirements for a self-propelled, boom type aerial device, equipped with an aircraft deicing fluid spraying system. The unit shall be highly maneuverable for deicing all exterior surfaces of wide-body and smaller commercial jet aircraft, e.g., B-747 to Fokker F28 and BAC-111. The vehicle will also be used for aircraft maintenance and inspection. The vehicle shall be suitable for day and night operations.

This specification covers requirements for a self-propelled, boom type aerial device, equipped with an aircraft deicing fluid spraying system. The unit shall be highly maneuverable for deicing all exterior surfaces of wide-body and intermediate size aircraft, e.g., B-747 and B-737. The vehicle will also be used for aircraft maintenance and inspection. The vehicle shall be suitable for day and night operations.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers requirements for a self-propelled, boom type aerial device, equipped with an aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluid spraying system. The unit shall be highly maneuverable for deicing all exterior surfaces of commercial aircraft, of sizes agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer, in accordance with SAE ARP4737. The vehicle will also be used for aircraft maintenance and inspection. The vehicle shall be suitable for day and night operations.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) presents two BASIC language computer programs to promote and standardize the computation of installed O-ring cross-section deflection hereafter referred to as "squeeze" and the computation of gland volume. The two programs were written with line numbers and without use of any system specific BASIC commands to allow usage with as many systems as possible with a minimum of editing. The programs support entry of customary U.S. or metric dimensions.

More than 120 authors from science and industry have documented this essential resource for students, practitioners, and professionals. Comprehensively covering the development of the internal combustion engine (ICE), the information presented captures expert knowledge and serves as an essential resource that illustrates the latest level of knowledge about engine development. Particular attention is paid toward the most up-to-date theory and practice addressing thermodynamic principles, engine components, fuels, and emissions. Details and data cover classification and characteristics of reciprocating engines, along with fundamentals about diesel and spark ignition internal combustion engines, including insightful perspectives about the history, components, and complexities of the present-day and future IC engines.

The impacts of injection pressure with a Gaussian-shaped ribbed piston bowl design for energy-assisted compression-ignition (EACI) combustion were investigated in an optically accessible engine. Three injection pressures (600, 800, and 1000 bar) were investigated for three potential first injection timings corresponding to injection timings for injection dwells of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 ms of a fixed second injection timing of -5.0 CAD. Reliable positioning of the hot combusted gases from the first injection near the injector tip enables mixing-controlled combustion of the second injection. Results demonstrated the EACI capabilities of pairing high injection pressures with the Gaussian-shaped ribbed piston bowl. At higher injection pressures, the redirection of fuel vapors from the in-line fuel jet back toward the ignition assistant (IA) increased the residence time the fuel mixture was exposed to the hot zone from the ignition assistant, reducing the possibility of misfires.

Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II, now in its second edition, coalesces multiple aspects of war-driven aviation and its amazing technical accomplishments, leading to the allied victory during the second world war. Not by chance, the air battles that took place then defined much of the outcome of one of the bloodiest conflicts in modern history. Forward-thinking airplane design had to be developed quickly as the war raged on, and the engines that propelled them were indeed the focus of intense cutting-edge engineering efforts. Flying higher, faster, and taking the enemy down before they even noticed your presence became a matter of life or death for the allied forces. Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II, Second Edition, addresses British- and American-developed engines. It looks at the piston engines in detail as they supported amazing wins both in the heat of the air battles, and on the ground supplying and giving cover to the troops.