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The present experimental study investigates systematically the effects of primary intake runner configurations on a firing single cylinder research engine. Twelve different intake configurations were fabricated to investigate runners with tapers and bellmouths. For each configuration, the length from the base of the test configuration to the start of the inlet radius and pressure measurement locations were retained in an effort to isolate the effect of runner geometry only. Each configuration is presented against a baseline case with constant cross-sectional area and a ratio of inlet radius, Ri, to internal diameter, D, of 0.35. For the seven tapered runners, the length of the taper varied from 25% to 100% of the overall length of the test piece, and the taper area ratios (TAR) varied from 1.5 - 3; all tapers retained the inlet radius of the baseline. The four bellmouth runners had a constant cross-sectional area, and varying inlet radii from Ri/D = 0.05 to 1.0.

The interface between a plenum and primary runner in log-style intake manifolds is one of the dominant sources of flow losses in the breathing system of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). A right-angled T-junction is one such interface between the plenum (main duct) and the primary runner (sidebranch) normal to the plenum's axis. The present study investigates losses associated with the combining flow through these junctions, where fluid from both sides of the plenum enters the primary runner. Steady, incompressible-flow experiments for junctions with circular cross-sections were conducted to determine the effect of (1) runner interface radius of 0, 10, and 20% of the plenum diameter, (2) plenum-to-runner area ratio of 1, 2.124, and 3.117, and (3) runner taper area ratio of 2.124 and 3.117. Mass flow rate in each branch was varied to obtain a distribution of flow ratios, while keeping the total flow rate constant.