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The use of ceramic insulation to reduce engine heat loss and thus improve fuel economy was examined but found to be detrimental rather than advantageous. This paper analyzes the reasons and presents an alternative approach, namely minimizing the heat transfer area. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of surface smoothness on BSFC, output torque, heat release rate and piston temperature. It was found that with a mirror-finished combustion chamber, heat loss is decreased and consequently engine output is raised, while fuel consumption is lowered. The percentage reduction in heat loss was ascertained by numerically simulating combustion and was confirmed by FEM analysis of piston thermal distribution.

Fuel and air behavior in the induction passage of a 4-valve engine were investigated in order to improve response at low and medium engine speeds. It was found that response is affected not only by wall vetting but also by fuel being pushed back into the intake manifold and by a lack of fuel which occurs during the transient. Futhermore, fuel-air mixing was found to be insufficient at certain injection timings, resulting in poor combustion and a consequent increase in exhaust emission and fuel consumption. This paper describes the factors of the fuel injection system which are critical for optimum response. Recommendations are made for injector location and injection timing and a proposal is put forward for a system of compensatory fuel injection to improve combustion efficiency during acceleration.