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Engine and vehicle tailpipe emissions can be measured in laboratories equipped with engine dynamometers and chassis dynamometers, respectively. In addition to laboratory testing, there is an increase in interest to measure on-road vehicle emissions using portable emissions measurement systems in order to determine real-driving emissions. Current methods to quantify engine, vehicle tailpipe, and real-driving emissions include the raw continuous, dilute continuous, and dilute bag measurement methods. Although the dilute bag measurement method is robust, recent improvements to the raw and dilute continuous measurement methods can account for the time delay between the probe tip and analyzer in addition to gas transport dynamics in order to reliably recover the tailpipe concentration signals. These improvements significantly increase the reliability of results using the raw and dilute continuous measurement methods, making them possible alternatives to the bag method.

This paper investigates experimental uncertainties associated with gaseous and particulate emissions measurements in a partial flow emissions sampling system developed and built at the Larson Transportation Institute of the Pennsylvania State University. A small fraction of the tail pipe exhaust is diluted with dilution air and passed through a cyclone to eliminate particles bigger than 2.5 microns. The diluted exhaust is then passed through a 47 mm Teflon filter for gravimetric measurement of Particulate Matter (PM). Mass flow controllers operating at 5Hz are used to control the flow rates of dilution air, diluted exhaust, and proportional flow of diluted exhaust into a Tedlar bag. An ultrasonic flow meter is used to measure flow rate of tail pipe exhaust. At the end of a test, the concentration of gaseous emissions in the bag, namely CO2, CO, HC, and NOx are measured using a bag emissions analyzer.

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is regarded as a potential alternative clean energy source for automobile applications. Key challenges to the acceptance of PEMFC for automobiles are the cost reduction, improvement in power density for its compactness, and cold-start capability. High current density operation is a promising solution for them. However, high current density operation under normal and sub-zero temperature requires more oxygen flux for the electrochemical reaction in the catalyst layer, and it causes more heat and water flux, resulting in the significant voltage losses. So, the theoretical investigation is very helpful for the fundamental understanding of complex transport phenomena in high current density operation under normal and sub-zero temperature. In this study, the numerical model was established to elucidate the impacts of mass transport phenomena on the cell performance through the numerical validation with experimental and visualization results.

In this study, the performance and emissions of a 4 cylinder 2.5L light-duty diesel engine with methane fumigation in the intake air manifold is studied to simulate a dual fuel conversion kit. Because the engine control unit is optimized to work with only the diesel injection into the cylinder, the addition of methane to the intake disrupts this optimization. The energy from the diesel fuel is replaced with that from the methane by holding the engine load and speed constant as methane is added to the intake air. The pilot injection is fixed and the main injection is varied in increments over 12 crank angle degrees at these conditions to determine the timing that reduces each of the emissions while maintaining combustion performance as measured by the brake thermal efficiency. It is shown that with higher substitution the unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions can increase by up to twenty times. The NOx emissions decrease for all engine conditions, up to 53%.

Ongoing efforts in applying a “high-end” turbulent combustion model (a transported probability density function - tPDF - method) to direct-injection internal combustion engines are discussed. New numerical algorithm and physical modeling issues arise compared to more conventional modeling approaches. These include coupling between Eulerian finite-volume methods and Lagrangian Monte Carlo particle methods, liquid fuel spray/tPDF coupling, and heat transfer. Sensitivity studies are performed and quantitative comparisons are made between model results and experimental measurements in a diesel/PCCI engine. Marked differences are found between tPDF results that account explicitly for turbulence/chemistry interactions (TCI) and results obtained using models that do not account for TCI. Computed pressure and heat release profiles agree well with experimental measurements and respond correctly to variations in engine operating conditions.

This work considers the performance of a NOx control system on a diesel engine and the interaction between the NOx and particulate control devices. A commercial urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst (twin catalytic reactors used in series) was characterized for the impact of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the ammonia consumption, production of nitrous oxide (N2O) and relative selectivity of the urea-SCR catalyst for NO2 versus NO when the SCR reactors were positioned downstream of a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF). The aqueous urea solution was injected into the exhaust by using a twin fluid, air-assisted atomizer. It was possible to observe the role of NO2 due to the catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF) upstream of the SCR catalyst. This catalyzed DPF oxidizes nitric oxide (NO) in the engine-out emissions to NO2. Further, it uses NO2 to oxidize particulate matter (PM).

A single cylinder engine was operated in HCCI mode with diesel-range fuels, spanning a range in cetane number (CN) from 34 to 62. In addition to measurements of standard gaseous emissions (CO, HC, and NOx), multiple sampling and analysis techniques were used to identify and measure the individual exhaust HC species including an array of oxygenated compounds. A new analytical method, using liquid chromatography (LC) with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in tandem with ultraviolet (UV) detection, was developed to analyze the longer chain aldehydes as well as carboxylic acids. Results showed an abundance of formic and butyric acid formation at or near the same concentration levels as formaldehyde and other aldehydes.

Two of the goals of the Penn State FutureTruck project were to reduce the emissions of the hybrid electric Ford Explorer to ULEV or lower, and improve the fuel economy by 25% over the stock vehicle. The hybrid electric vehicle system is powered with a 103kW 2.5L Detroit Diesel engine which operates with a fuel blend consisting of ultra-low-sulfur diesel and biodiesel (35%). Lower emissions are inherently achieved by the use of biodiesel. Additionally, the engine was fitted with a series of aftertreatment devices in an effort to achieve the low emissions standards. Vehicle testing has shown a gasoline-equivalent fuel economy improvement of approximately 22%, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 38%, and meeting or exceeding stock emissions numbers in all other categories through the use of an advanced catalyst and control strategy.

Biodiesel fuels are widely known to yield an increase in NOx emissions in many diesel engines. It has been suggested that the increase in NOx is due to injection timing differences caused by the low compressibility of biodiesel. In this work, comparisons of injection timing and duration were performed for diesel fuel and a range of biodiesel blends (B20 to B100). The fuel injector on a 4-stroke, single-cylinder, four horsepower, air-cooled, direct injection diesel engine was positioned in a spray chamber while the engine was motored and fuel was delivered to the injector by the fuel pump on the engine. Spray visualization and quantification of injection timing were performed in the spray chamber using an engine videoscope, light attenuation from a HeNe laser and fuel line pressure, and were synchronized to crank shaft position.

Two widely available engine and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) simulation packages have been integrated to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for a hybrid electric sport utility vehicle. WAVE, a one-dimensional engine analysis tool available from Ricardo Software, was used to model a 2.5L 103 kW Detroit Diesel engine. This model was validated against engine performance and emissions data obtained from testing in a combustion laboratory. ADVISOR, an HEV simulation software developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in partnership with the Department of Energy (DOE), was used to model a 2002 Ford Explorer that is being converted into an HEV by the Penn State University FutureTruck team. By integrating the output file from WAVE as the input engine data file for ADVISOR, one can predict the effect of changes in engine parameters on vehicle emissions, fuel consumption, and power requirements for specified drive cycles.

Results are presented from an experimental study of the effects of engine speed and injection pressure transients on the cold start performance of a gasoline direct injection engine operating on iso-octane. The experiments are performed in an optically-accessible single-cylinder research engine modified for gasoline direct injection operation. In order to isolate the effects of the engine speed and injection pressure transients, three different cold start simulations are used. In the first cold start simulation the engine speed and injection pressure are constant. In the second cold start simulation the injection pressure is constant while the engine speed transient of an actual cold start is simulated. In the third cold start simulation both the engine speed and the injection pressure transients of an actual cold start are simulated.

In this study, performance and emissions characteristics of an LPG direct injection (DI) engine with a rotary distributor pump were examined by using cetane enhanced LPG fuel developed for diesel engines. Results showed that stable engine operation was possible for a wide range of engine loads. Also, engine output power with cetane enhanced LPG was comparable to diesel fuel operation. Exhaust emissions measurements showed NOx and smoke could be reduced with the cetane enhanced LPG fuel. Experimental model vehicle with an in-line plunger pump has received its license plate in June 2000 and started high-speed tests on a test course. It has already been operated more than 15,000 km without any major failure. Another, experimental model vehicle with a rotary distributor pump was developed and received its license plate to operate on public roads.

Several oxygenates have been proposed and tested for use with diesel fuel as a means of reducing exhaust emissions. This paper examines dimethyl ether (DME), which can be produced in many ways including via Air Products and Chemicals, Inc's Liquid Phase Technology (LPDME ™). Modest additions of DME into diesel fuel (2 wt.% oxygen) showed reductions in particulate matter emissions, but the previous data reported by the author from a multicylinder Navistar 7.3L Turbodiesel engine were scattered. In this study, experiments were performed on a multi-cylinder Navistar 7.3L Turbodiesel engine to repeatably confirm and extend the observations from the earlier studies. This is an important step in not only showing that the fuel does perform well in an engine with minor modifications to the fuel system, but also showing that DME can give consistent, significant results in lowering emissions.

An experimental study was conducted to determine if an organic fuel additive could reduce engine out hydrocarbon and NOx emissions. A production four cylinder spark ignited engine with throttle body fuel injection was used for the study. A full boiling range base fuel, an additized base fuel, a base fuel with methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and a base fuel with MTBE and additive were used in the engine tests. Additive concentration was 1/2% by mass. Hydrocarbon and NOx measurements were recorded for 11 load/speed conditions. Hydrocarbon speciation data was taken at two of these conditions. The data from the experiments was analyzed in a pair-wise fashion for the fuels with and without the additive to determine whether statistically significant changes occurred.

Four unembalmed human cadavers were used in eight direct-forearm-airbag-interaction static deployments to assess the relative aggressivity of two different airbag modules. Instrumentation of the forearm bones included triaxial accelerometry, crack detection gages, and film targets. The forearm-fracture predictors, peak and average distal forearm speed (PDFS and ADFS), were evaluated and compared to the incidence of transverse, oblique, and wedge fractures of the radius and ulna. Internal-airbag pressure and axial column loads were also measured. The results of this study support the use of PDFS or ADFS for the prediction of airbag-induced upper-extremity fractures. The results also suggest that there is no direct relationship between internal-airbag pressure and forearm fracture. The less-aggressive system (LAS) examined in this study produced half the number of forearm fracture as the more-aggressive system (MAS), yet exhibited a more aggressive internal-pressure performance.

Thermal barrier coated diesel engines, also known as low heat rejection (LHR) engines, have offered the promise of reducing heat rejection to the engine coolant and thereby increasing overall thermal efficiency. However, the larger market potential for thermal barrier coated engines may be in retrofitting in-service diesel engines to reduce particulate emissions. Prior work by the authors has demonstrated a significant decrease in particulate emissions from a thermal barrier coated, single-cylinder, indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine, primarily through reduction of the volatile (VOF) and soluble (SOF) fraction of the particulate. This prior work relied on conventional, commercially available, petroleum-based lubricants. The present study concerns the additional benefits for particulate reduction provided by vegetable oil lubricants. These lubricants are derived from renewable resource materials and can provide a reduction in lubricant generated particulate matter.

The factors that influence airbag-induced upper-extremity injuries sustained by drivers were investigated in this study. Seven unembalmed human cadavers were used in nineteen direct-forearm-interaction static deployments. A single horizontal-tear-seam airbag module and two different inflators were used. Spacing between the instrumented forearm and the airbag module was varied from 10 cm to direct contact in some tests. Forearm-bone instrumentation included triaxial accelerometry, crack detection gages, and film targets. Internal airbag pressure was also measured. The observed injuries were largely transverse, oblique, and wedge fractures of the ulna or radius, or both, similar to those reported in field investigations. Tears of the elbow joint capsule were also found, both with and without fracture of the forearm.

Prominent, longitudinally convex lumbar supports are frequently recommended for auto seats based on the assumption that such supports will induce sitters to choose postures with substantial lumbar lordosis. Lumbar lordosis has been associated with reduced spine loading as measured by pressure in the intervertebral disks. Data from a laboratory study of the influence of lumbar support on driving posture demonstrate that, on average, lumbar lordosis is not strongly affected by large increases in lumbar support prominence. These findings, and their implications for seat design, are reviewed.

A study has been experimentally conducted in an optically-accessible DI Diesel engine operating on 50/50 mixture of iso-octane and tetradecane to evaluate a planar laser light scattering technique for the in-cylinder study of soot. Two simultaneous images, taken with vertically and horizontally polarized scattered light, were used to determine the polarization ratio, CHH/CW. This magnitude of the polarization ratio was employed to distinguish soot particles from fuel droplets. The spatial and temporal variations of soot during the combustion cycle were investigated with images taken at various crank angles and swirl levels at three different planes in the combustion bowl. For the high swirl case, soot was uniformly distributed in the combustion bowl. For the non-swirl case, however, soot was mainly observed near the wall and at the top plane, and was observed to exist later into the expansion stroke.

The effect of turbulence on flame kernel growth in lean propane-air mixtures has been studied in a flow reactor at atmospheric pressure and 300 K using laser ignition. The flame kernel growth rate was measured using laser shadowgraphy. Measurements were made under two different turbulent flow conditions, with two different ignition energies and over a range of fuel to air ratios. The effects of these parameters on flame kernel growth through changes in the mass burning rate and the expansion velocity are discussed. A comparison of the effect of turbulence on ignition probability and flame kernel growth rate variation is also presented.