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In previous publications, Singh et al. [1, 2] have shown that direct integration of CFD with a detailed chemistry auto-ignition model (KIVA-CHEMKIN) performs reasonably well for predicting combustion, emissions, and flame structure for stratified diesel engine operation. In this publication, it is shown that the same model fails to predict combustion for partially premixed dual-fuel engines. In general, models that account for chemistry alone, greatly under-predict cylinder pressure. This is shown to be due to the inability of such models to simulate a propagating flame, which is the major source of heat release in partially premixed dual-fuel engines, under certain operating conditions. To extend the range of the existing model, a level-set-based, hybrid, auto-ignition/flame-propagation (KIVA-CHEMKIN-G) model is proposed, validated and applied for both stratified diesel engine and partially premixed dual-fuel engine operation.

In spite of the efficiency of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a design tool, numerical simulations of gaseous fuel injection have not been widely adopted because of the difficulty in modeling the complicated physical phenomena associated with high speed gas flows. In the present study, a new model for simulating transient direct injection of gaseous phase fuel, including hydrogen, into a combustion chamber using a practical computational grid was developed. The model was implemented into KIVA3V, a multi-dimensional CFD code. The new model employs several sub-models to describe the physical phenomena of high speed gas injection. The underexpanded jet issuing from the nozzle was modeled using the conditions at the Mach disk as inflow boundary conditions. The effect of turbulence is shown to lead to non-unique flow solutions.