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This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on systems integration rigs, commonly referred to as “Iron Birds” for aerospace applications. a It includes background historical information including descriptions of Iron Birds produced to date, important component elements and selection rationale, hydraulic system design and operational modes and illustrates the design approaches to be considered. b It provides illustrations of the various systems that should be considered for Iron Bird testing in the development phase and utilization during the production program. c It includes recommendations for simulation, component development tests, system integration and lessons learned.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides descriptions of aircraft flight control actuation system failure-detection methods. The fault-detection methods are those used for ground and in-flight detection of failures in electrohydraulic actuation systems for primary flight controls.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides design guidelines for aircraft mechanical control systems and components. Topics contained in this document include design requirements, system design and installation guidelines, and component design practices for primary flight controls, secondary flight controls, and utility controls.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides a process for the verification and validation of monitors used in highly-integrated and complex aircraft flight control and related systems.

Modern air vehicles consist of many subsystems, traditionally managed as a federation of independent subsystems. Advances in control technologies, digital electronics and electro-mechanical hardware, provide potential opportunities to integrate subsystems for future aircraft. This document does not define any particular integration strategy. Its purpose is to provide information about traditional federated subsystems from the functional, control, resource, and hardware perspective. To be able to integrate subsystems, one must have a basic understanding of the subsystems, and this document provides an introduction or starting point for initiating the integration process.

This document provides a description of a process for development of fly-by-wire actuation systems. Included are (1) the development of requirements for the servo-actuator hardware and the electronics hardware and software, (2) actuator and servo-electronics interface definitions and, (3) the required communications and interactions between the servo-actuator and the servo-electronics designers.

This document establishes recommended practices for the specification of general performance, design, test, development, and quality assurance requirements for the flight control related functions of the Vehicle Management Systems (VMS) of military Unmanned Aircraft (UA), the airborne element of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), as defined by ASTM F 2395-07. The document is written for military unmanned aircraft intended for use primarily in military operational areas. The document also provides a foundation for considerations applicable to safe flight in all classes of airspace.

This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides general requirements for a generic, integrated rudder and brake pedal unit, incorporating a passive force-feel system that could be used for fixed-wing fly-by wire transport and business aircraft. This ARP addresses the following: The functions to be implemented The mechanical interconnection between captain and F/O station The geometric and mechanical characteristics The mechanical, electrical, and electronic interfaces The safety and certification requirements

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides the general performance, design, installation, test, development, and quality assurance requirements for the flight control related functions of the Vehicle Management Systems (VMS) of military piloted aircraft. It also provides specification guidance for the flight control interfaces with other systems and subsystems of the aircraft.

The purpose of this document is to develop the general characteristics and requirements for feel-force control systems for active cockpit controllers, also known as Active Inceptors. The document presents technical material that describes the recommended key characteristics and design considerations for these types of systems. Where appropriate, the effects of platform specific requirements (e.g., single axis/dual axis, single seat/dual seat, civil/military, rotorcraft/fixed wing aircraft, etc.) are clearly identified. The material developed will serve as a reference guide for: a Aircraft prime contractors who want to understand active cockpit controller technology and develop their own set of requirements; b Suppliers that develop active cockpit controller equipment and; c Regulatory Authorities who will be involved in the certification of these types of systems.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides design information of various contemporary aircraft fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control actuation systems that may be useful in the design of future systems for similar applications. It is primarily applicable to manned aircraft. It presents the basic characteristics, hardware descriptions, redundancy concepts, functional schematics, and discussions of the servo controls, failure monitoring, and fault tolerance. All existing FBW actuation systems are not described herein; however, those most representing the latest designs are included. While this AIR is intended as a reference source of information for aircraft actuation system designs, the exclusion or omission of any other appropriate actuation system or subsystem should not limit consideration of their use on future aircraft.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) outlines comprehensive aircraft flight control system fault isolation methodology that has proven to be effective. The methodology presented in this Information Report has been used in several successful fault isolation efforts on military aircraft.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a description of the interfaces and their requirements for generic and specific hydraulic actuation systems used in the flight control systems of manned aircraft. Included are the basic control system characteristics and functional requirements, and the essential interfaces (structural, mechanical, hydraulic power, control input, status monitoring, and environment). Major design issues, requirements, and other considerations are presented and discussed.

Modern air vehicles consist of many subsystems, traditionally managed as a federation of independent subsystems. Advances in control technologies, digital electronics and electro-mechanical hardware, provide potential opportunities to integrate subsystems for future aircraft. This document does not define any particular integration strategy. Its purpose is to provide information about traditional federated subsystems from the functional, control, resource, and hardware perspective. To be able to integrate subsystems, one must have a basic understanding of the subsystems, and this document provides an introduction or starting point for initiating the integration process. The focus is on the aircraft subsystems, which includes utility, flight and propulsion control (e.g., electric power, environmental control subsystem (ECS), fuel, etc.) The depth of the information intends to provide an introduction to the subsystems.

This document establishes recommended practices for the specification of general performance, design, test, development, and quality assurance requirements for the flight control related functions of the Vehicle Management Systems (VMS) of military Unmanned Aircraft (UA), the airborne element of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), as defined by ASTM F 2395-07. The document is written for military unmanned aircraft intended for use primarily in military operational areas. The document also provides a foundation for considerations applicable to safe flight in all classes of airspace.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the configuration and design of mechanical control signal transmission systems and subsystems. It is focused on the recommended practices for designing cable and pulley, pushrod and bellcrank and push-pull flexible cable control systems. These systems are typically used in some combination to transmit pilot commands into primary, secondary and utility control system commands (mechanical or electrical) or aircraft surface commands. On mechanically controlled aircraft, most pilot control commands are initiated through cockpit mounted wheels, sticks, levers, pedals or cranks that are coupled by pushrods or links to cable systems. The cable systems are routed throughout the aircraft and terminated in close proximity to the commanded surface or function where cranks and pushrods are again used to control the commanded function.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) presents a review of the types and general characteristics of power sources that may be used to provide the power for gaseous or liquid fluidic control systems. Fluidic definitions, terminology, units and symbols are defined in Reference 2.1.1.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) outlines comprehensive aircraft flight control system fault isolation methodology that has proven to be effective. The methodology presented in this Information Report has been used in several successful fault isolation efforts on military aircraft.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a description of the interfaces and their requirements for generic and specific hydraulic actuation systems used in the flight control systems of manned aircraft. Included are the basic control system characteristics and functional requirements, and the essential interfaces (structural, mechanical, hydraulic power, control input, status monitoring, and environment). Major design issues, requirements, and other considerations are presented and discussed.

This specification establishes general performance, design, test, development and quality assurance requirements for the Flight Control Systems of military piloted aircraft. Flight Control Systems (FCS) include all components used to transmit flight control commands from the pilot or other sources to appropriate force and moment producers. Flight control commands normally result in control of aircraft altitude, airspeed, flight path, attitude, aerodynamic or geometric configuration, ride quality, and structural modes. Among components included are the pilot’s controls, dedicated displays and logic switching, system inertial and air data sensors, signal computation, test devices, mechanical transmission devices, actuators, power sources, and signal transmission lines dedicated to flight control. Excluded are aerodynamic surfaces, engines and engine control systems, rotorcraft rotors, fire control devices, crew displays and electronics not dedicated to flight control.