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This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is a review of the general characteristics of power sources that may be used to provide secondary, auxiliary, or emergency power for use in aircraft, space vehicles, missiles, remotely piloted vehicles, air cushion vehicles, surface effect ships, or other vehicles in which aerospace technology is used. The information contained herein is intended for use in the selection of the power source most appropriate to the needs of a particular vehicle or system. The information may also be used in the preparation of a power source specification. Considerations for use in making a trade study and an evaluation of the several power sources are included. More detailed information relating to specific power sources is available in other SAE Aerospace Information Reports or in Aerospace Recommended Practices.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) presents an overview of the application and control of fixed and variable displacement pumps with the emphasis on the controls most commonly used on variable displacement pumps. It describes various options to control the operation of hydraulic pumps in terms of controlling the pump output pressure and/or flow and assisting in the selection of the pump.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is an application guide for fixed and variable displacement hydraulic motors. It provides details of the characteristics of fixed and variable displacement hydraulic motors, architectures, circuit designs, controls, and typical applications. The applications include airborne and defense vehicles with emphasis on high performance applications.

Gas compressors (air and other compressible fluids) have been used sporadically since the 1940's for various utility functions in aerospace applications. They have been used to provide power to gun purge and drive systems, engine or APU starters (recharge accumulators), reservoir pressurization, cockpit pressurization, braking systems, canopy seals, engine control devices, landing gear activation, and boosted flight controls (see Table 1). In current state-of-the-art aircraft, most pneumatic system power is extracted from a stage of compression in the turbo-jet engine. As more and more demands are put on new generation engines for fuel economy and performance there is an increasing need for a new source of pneumatic power. This document is intended to describe current state-of-the-art technology in compressors, define the limitations, discuss enhancements needed and attempt to predict the needs of the future.

Gas compressors (air and other compressible fluids) have been used sporadically since the 1940's for various utility functions in aerospace applications. They have been used to provide power to gun purge and drive systems, engine or APU starters (recharge accumulators), reservoir pressurization, cockpit pressurization, braking systems, canopy seals, engine control devices, landing gear activation, and boosted flight controls (see Table 1). In current state-of-the-art aircraft, most pneumatic system power is extracted from a stage of compression in the turbo-jet engine. As more and more demands are put on new generation engines for fuel economy and performance there is an increasing need for a new source of pneumatic power. This document is intended to describe current state-of-the-art technology in compressors, define the limitations, discuss enhancements needed and attempt to predict the needs of the future.

Missile pumps are categorized by a moderate testing life and a relatively short operational service life. Generally, the pumps are operated at higher speeds, temperatures, and pressures than those used in manned aircraft systems, yet reliability must be extremely high, since there rarely is a redundant system aboard the missile. Due to the short but critical life and performance requirements, development, reliability and acceptance testing should be focussed on eliminating infant mortality failures.

Missile pumps are categorized by a moderate testing life and a relatively short operational service life. Generally, the pumps are operated at higher speeds, temperatures, and pressures than those used in manned aircraft systems, yet reliability must be extremely high, since there rarely is a redundant system aboard the missile.