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Standard

Impulse Towing Loads

2023-04-03
CURRENT
AIR6906
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information about impulse loads that occur during normal aircraft towing operations. An instrumented tow bar was used to characterize towing loads. Suggestions to minimize impulse loads by reducing the tow bar to tow vehicle gap are described.
Standard

Nose Gear Towbarless Tow Vehicle Basic Test Requirements

2022-09-30
CURRENT
ARP5283B
The purpose of this specification is to provide airplane operators and tow vehicle manufacturers with: a General design and operating requirements pertinent to test and evaluation of towbarless tow vehicles. Specific design requirements are provided in ARP4852 and ARP4853. b Test and evaluation requirements. The results of these test evaluations will determine if the loads induced by the tow vehicle will exceed the design loads of the nose gear, or are within the aircraft manufacturer’s limits so that they do not affect the certified safe limit of the nose gear. The results of these test evaluations will also determine if a stability problem may occur during pushback and/or maintenance towing operations with the tested airplane/tow vehicle combination. This document specifies general test requirements and a test evaluation procedure for towbarless tow vehicles (TLTV) intended for pushback and maintenance towing only.
Standard

Aircraft Damage Caused by Ground Support Equipment

2022-05-16
CURRENT
AIR1589C
Incidents where a piece of ground support equipment or personnel damages an aircraft under the control of ground or maintenance operations that requires corrective action by aircraft maintenance personnel. Operations include, but are not limited to servicing, line maintenance, heavy maintenance, and aircraft movement, e.g., marshalling/pushback/tow/reposition/taxi.
Standard

Regional Aircraft Towbarless Tow Vehicle - Test Requirements

2022-03-30
CURRENT
ARP5911A
The present Aerospace Recommended Practice specifies for airplane operator and tow vehicle manufacturers the basic testing requirements for towbarless tow vehicles to be used on the nose gear of conventional tricycle type landing gears of commercial civil transport aircraft with maximum ramp weight between 8600 kg (19 000 lb) and 50 000 kg (110 000 lb), commonly designated as “regional aircraft”. Its purpose is to achieve testing results, or equivalent computer modeling, demonstrating that the loads induced by the tow vehicle will not exceed the design loads of the airplane’s nose landing gear and associated structure, reduce the certified safe life limit of the nose landing gear, or otherwise compromise the airplane’s structural integrity and airworthiness certification.
Standard

Design Specification for Regional Aircraft Towbarless Tow Vehicle for Pushback and/or Maintenance Towing Operations

2022-03-28
CURRENT
ARP5916A
The tow vehicle should be designed for towbarless push-back and/or maintenance towing of regional type aircraft as specified in 1.3. The design will ensure that the unit will safely secure the aircraft nose landing gear within the coupling system for any operational mode. The purpose of this towing procedure is to achieve a safer and faster operation than is possible with conventional towing equipment.
Standard

Aircraft Ground Service Connections Locations and Type

2021-09-30
CURRENT
ARP4084B
The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to standardize locations of aircraft ground service connections to accommodate the trend toward fixed systems, which use the passenger boarding bridge and/or underground “pop-up” or pit systems as a source of utilities. It must be recognized that, in standardizing the locations of the aircraft service connections, they must continue to be served efficiently in those instances where mobile ground support equipment is used. There is an ever increasing number of fixed installations for aircraft servicing. The objectives to be met by standardizing the locations of the aircraft service connections are the following:
Standard

Pallet/Container Loader Auto-Levelling Systems

2021-09-30
CURRENT
ARP4776
The data in this document is, at this stage, primarily concerned with the interface of pallet/container loaders and lower-deck compartments of standard and wide-body aircraft although the principles illustrated may be applied to the main-decks of narrow and wide-body aircraft. NOTE: For the purpose of this document, in accordance with Part 3 of the Directives for the technical work of ISO and with accepted IATA practice, minimum essential criteria defined by the word "shall" are absolute requirements. Recommended criteria identified by the word "should", while considered important, are not mandatory.
Standard

Aircraft Maintenance Jacks - General Requirements

2021-09-30
CURRENT
AS4775B
This document covers the general requirements for hydraulic aircraft jacks. It can be applied to tripod, unipod, and axle jacks that may be used on open ramp areas as well as in the aircraft hangar. Throughout this Aerospace Standard, the minimum essential criteria are identified by the key word “shall”. Recommended criteria are identified by use of the key word “should”. Deviation from recommended criteria should only occur after careful consideration and thorough service evaluation have shown alternate methods to provide an equivalent level of safety. The term “vertical load” throughout this Aerospace Standard is defined as the force imposed on the aircraft jack at the airframe jack point.
Standard

Main Line Aircraft Tow Bar Attach Fitting Interface

2021-04-08
CURRENT
AS1614D
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the interface requirements for tow bar attachment fittings on the nose gear (when towing operations are performed from the nose gear) of conventional tricycle type landing gears of commercial civil transport aircraft with a maximum ramp weight higher than 50,000 kg (110,000 pounds), commonly designated as “main line aircraft”. Its purpose is to achieve tow bar attachment fittings interface standardization by aircraft weight category (which determines tow bar forces) in order to ensure that one single type of tow bar with a standard connection can be used for all aircraft types within or near that weight category, so as to assist operators and airport handling companies in reducing the number of different tow bar types used.
Standard

Aircraft Tow Bar

2021-04-08
CURRENT
ARP1915E
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) specifies dimensional and physical requirements of tow bar connections to tractor and aircraft (see Figure 1). It is applicable to all types of commercial transport category aircraft tow bar. The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to standardize tow bar attachments to airplane and tractor according to the mass category of the towed aircraft, so that one tow bar head with different shear levels can be used for all aircraft that are within the same mass category and are manufactured in compliance with AS1614 or ISO 8267.
Standard

Wheel Chocks

2021-04-08
CURRENT
AIR4905A
The purpose of this document is to present general considerations for the design and use of aircraft wheel chocks. The design and use of aircraft wheel chocks is a good deal more complicated than it may appear at first glance.
Standard

Four Wheel Drive Aircraft Tow Tractors - Factors for Design Consideration

2020-09-23
CURRENT
AIR1363A
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is presented in two parts. The first part is simply a summarization of design factors that must be considered in establishing vehicle specifications and design characteristics. The second part refers particularly to the performance characteristics of an aircraft tow tractor. Some definitions, formulas, data, and an example are provided mainly for assisting the specifying engineers of potential buyers and users of aircraft tow tractors in the evaluation and comparison of their requirements with the performance capabilities of the various tow tractors offered by the tow tractor manufacturers. Although the design engineers could also use the formulas and data in their calculations of the performance specifications of aircraft tow tractors, this AIR is not intended to provide the methods and all data necessary for detailed calculations and design of an aircraft tow tractor.
Standard

Aircraft Markings for Ground Support Equipment Alignment

2020-04-24
CURRENT
AS6896
The purpose of this document is to provide a standard for aircraft fuselage markings located at the doors used for ground servicing operations. These markings can be used by all GSE that will dock at the aircraft. These markings may be used for one or several phases of the GSE positioning relative to the aircraft process: GSE alignment during approach, GSE final docking, and GSE auto leveling. It is not the purpose of this standard to describe the different technologies, cameras, or other equipment that can be mounted on GSE to utilize these markings. The aircraft that may use these markings will have a fuselage diameter of 3 m or more.
Standard

Aircraft Jacking Pads Adapters and Sockets Design and Installation of

2019-03-29
CURRENT
AS8091A
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides requirements for design and installation of aircraft jacking pad adapters and the mating jack socket interface to permit use of standard jacking equipment to be used in civil and military transport aircraft. The adapter defined herein shall be the key interface between the aircraft and the aircraft jack(s).
Standard

Interface Protection - Ground Equipment to Aircraft

2019-03-28
CURRENT
ARP1558
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) discusses damage to aircraft fuselages caused by ground equipment contact at servicing and recommends methods to be incorporated or considered in ground equipment design for protection against that damage.
Standard

Nose Gear Towbarless Tow Vehicle Basic Test Requirements

2012-09-24
HISTORICAL
ARP5283A
The purpose of this specification is to provide airplane operators and tow vehicle manufacturers with: a General design and operating requirements pertinent to test and evaluation of towbarless tow vehicles. Specific design requirements are provided in ARP4852 and ARP4853. b Test and evaluation requirements. The results of these test evaluations will determine if the loads induced by the tow vehicle will exceed the design loads of the nose gear, or are within the aircraft manufacturer’s limits so that they do not affect the certified safe limit of the nose gear. The results of these test evaluations will also determine if a stability problem may occur during pushback and/or maintenance towing operations with the tested airplane/tow vehicle combination. This document specifies general test requirements and a test evaluation procedure for towbarless tow vehicles (TLTV) intended for pushback and maintenance towing only.
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