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In-cylinder flows in internal combustion engines are highly turbulent in nature. An important property of turbulence that plays a key role in mixture formation is anisotropy; it also influences ignition, combustion and emission formation. Thus, understanding the turbulence anisotropy of in-cylinder flows is critical. Since the most widely used two-equation Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models assume isotropic turbulence, they are not suitable for correctly capturing the anisotropic behavior of turbulence. However, large eddy simulation (LES) can account for the anisotropic behavior of turbulence. In this paper, the Reynolds stress tensor (RST) is analyzed to assess the predictive capability of RANS and LES with regard to turbulence anisotropy. The influence of mesh size on turbulence anisotropy is also looked into for multi-cycle LES.

The transient operation of gas engines is of paramount importance to sustainable power generation as it increases the share of renewable energy. Fast-reacting and highly flexible power plants are an integral component of scenarios for the smart power generation of the future. Modern gaseous fueled large bore engines already adapt to fluctuating load demands quickly and also provide high efficiency throughout all load conditions. However, future energy systems that integrate predominantly fluctuating renewables will require even further improved transient capabilities of these engines. The goal is to be competitive with diesel engines in applications with the highest transient requirements and to meet the high transient requirements while simultaneously generating significantly less emissions than other fossil generation facilities to support the future sustainable power supply.

Turbulence anisotropy has a great influence on mixture formation and flame propagation in internal combustion engines. However, the visualization of turbulence in simulations is not straightforward; traditional methods lack the ability to display the anisotropic properties in the engine geometry. Instead, they use invariant maps, and important information about the locality of the turbulence anisotropy is lost. This paper overcomes this shortcoming by visualizing the anisotropy directly in the physical domain. Componentality contours are applied to directly visualize the anisotropic properties of turbulence in the three-dimensional engine geometry. Using an RGB (red, green, blue) color map, the three limiting states of turbulence (one-component, axisymmetric two-component and isotropic turbulence) are displayed in the three-dimensional physical domain.

Using natural gas in large bore engines reduces carbon dioxide emissions by up to 25% at a lower fuel cost than diesel engines. In demanding applications with highly transient operating profiles, however, premix gas engines have disadvantages compared to diesel engines because of the potential for knocking and misfire to occur. Operating a gas engine using the diesel cycle requires high gas injection pressures. Furthermore, a source of ignition is needed due to the high autoignition temperature of methane. State-of-the-art solutions inject a small quantity of diesel fuel before introducing the natural gas. One monofuel alternative ignites the gas jets with flame torches that originate in a prechamber. This paper presents the simulation based development of a prechamber ignited high pressure direct injection (HPDI) gas combustion concept and subsequent experimental validation.

Optimization of engine warm-up behavior has traditionally made use of experimental investigations. However, thermal engine models are a more cost-effective alternative and allow evaluation of the fuel saving potential of thermal management measures in different driving cycles. To simulate the thermal behavior of engines in general and engine warm-up in particular, knowledge of heat distribution throughout all engine components is essential. To this end, gas-side heat transfer inside the combustion chamber and in the exhaust port must be modeled as accurately as possible. Up to now, map-based models have been used to simulate heat transfer and fuel consumption; these two values are calculated as a function of engine speed and load. To extend the scope of these models, it is increasingly desirable to calculate gas-side heat transfer and fuel consumption as a function of engine operating parameters in order to evaluate different ECU databases.

A realistic modeling of the wall heat transfer is essential for an accurate analysis and simulation of the working cycle of internal combustion engines. Empirical heat transfer formulations still dominate the application in engine process simulations because of their simplicity. However, experiments have shown that existing correlations do not provide satisfactory results for all the possible operation modes of hydrogen internal combustion engines. This paper describes the application of a flow field-based heat transfer model according to Schubert et al. [1]. The models strength is a more realistic description of the required characteristic velocity; considering the influence of the injection on the global turbulence and on the in-cylinder flow field results in a better prediction of the wall heat transfer during the compression stroke and for operations with multiple injections. Further an empirical hypothesis on the turbulence generation during combustion is presented.

When developing and later using simulation models for combustion prediction in internal combustion engines, it is first of all necessary to determine the model constants. This paper describes the development of a method for the automated determination of model parameters which can be applied to any internal combustion simulation model. The work is not aimed at developing a new optimizing algorithm but at adjusting and adapting an existing optimizer to the special needs and convergence problems, which occur when applied to combustion models. Consequently, the paper describes the set-up of the objective function and several methods for improving the convergence. Finally, an outline for a strategy which uses the optimizing tool for model development is presented.

Hydrogen is seen as a promising energy carrier for a future mobility scenario. Applied as fuel in IC engines with internal mixture formation, hydrogen opens up new vistas for the layout of the combustion system. The 3D CFD simulation of internal mixture formation as well as combustion helps to understand the complex in-cylinder processes and provides a powerful tool to optimize the engine's working cycle. The performance of standard simulation models for mixture formation as well as the performance of a user-defined combustion model applied in a commercial CFD-code is discussed within this article. The 3D CFD simulations are validated with measurements obtained from a thermodynamic and from an optical research engine respectively.

In this paper a zero-dimensional simulation methodology for efficient pre-optimization of the combustion process in DI diesel engines is presented. A new model for the calculation of the rate of heat release is unveiled. It is based on the separate description of both the primary processes closely related to the fuel jet as well as the following combustion of the fuel mass remaining after the end of injection. The modeling of fuel mass distribution between premixed and diffusion combustion as well as a model for the fuel preparation time are explained. Furthermore, models for the calculation of ignition delay and premixed combustion based on an extended Arrhenius formulation are discussed, as well as turbulent combustion on the basis of a Magnussen model. The new features of the heat release model prove to be necessary to describe the effects of modern high-pressure fuel injection systems on the combustion process regarding the strong influence of the injection rate on the burn rate.

A realistic simulation of the wall heat transfer is an imperative condition for the accurate analysis and simulation of the working process of IC engines. Due to its simplicity in application, zero-dimensional wall heat transfer models dominate engine cycle simulation in practice. However, experience shows that existing zero-dimensional models for wall heat transfer do not yield satisfactory results in certain applications. This is mainly due to a lack of consideration of the actual flow field in the cylinder. In this paper a quasi-dimensional heat transfer model, which is based on a detailed description of the turbulent flow field in the combustion chamber, is described. The model presents a consistent approach for the high pressure as well as the low pressure part of the cycle. The results of the heat transfer model are compared with results from the correlation by Woschni/Huber and with experimental results from various DI Diesel engines.

Hydrogen is frequently cited as a future energy carrier. Hydrogen allows a further optimization of internal combustion engines, especially with direct injection. In order to assess various concepts, detailed thermodynamic analyses were carried out. Effects, which can be neglected with conventional fuels (e.g. losses due to injection during compression stroke) are considered. These basics as well as several results from test bed investigations are described within this article. Wall heat losses were found to have a major influence on overall efficiency and are thus investigated in detail, based on local surface temperature measurement. Finally, concepts that allow an increase in engine efficiency and lowest NOx emissions are demonstrated.

The 3D CFD method has become an essential and reliable tool for the development of modern large gaseous-fuelled engines. This holds especially true for the optimization of mixture formation and charge motion in prechamber engines to ensure suitable conditions near the spark plug at ignition time. In order to initialize a quick combustion process, an ignitable mixture with high turbulence but moderate velocity must prevail round the spark plug. However, suitable models for combustion and heat transfer are inevitable for a realistic simulation of the whole engine cycle. Within 3D CFD codes the combustion process is usually calculated using the PDF (probability density function) - model; heat transfer is modeled based on the logarithmic wall function. Experimental investigations were carried out on a single cylinder research engine in order to validate the combustion model used and different heat transfer models.

The incorporation of a detailed engine process calculation that takes into account thermal behavior of the engine and exhaust system is essential for a realistic simulation of transient vehicle operation. This is the only possible way to have a precise preliminary calculation of fuel consumption and emissions. Therefore, a comprehensive thermal network of the engine based on the lumped capacity method has been developed. The model allows the computation of component temperatures in steady state operation as well as in transient engine studies, e.g. investigations of engine warm-up. The model is integrated in a co-simulation environment consisting of a detailed vehicle and engine cycle simulation code. The paper describes the procedure of the co-simulation and presents several examples of warm-up simulations.

This paper shows extracts from the development process of a lean-burn gaseous fuelled engine for combined heat and power generation. The aim was to optimize the mixture formation, the charge motion and the combustion of an existing multi-cylinder engine. Therefore, experimental investigations on a single cylinder research engine and numerical simulations based on 3-dimensional CFD methods were carried out. The use of CFD methods for the optimization of the engine required intensive development efforts in the field of combustion simulation. In particular, the combustion model developed by Magnussen and Hjertager [1] was modified. Through comparison with the PDF model and results of the engine process calculation, the suitability of this modified combustion model was shown. In addition, a knock model was also developed and implemented in the CFD code in order to determine the knock tendency of different engine concepts.

This paper summarizes the results of several investigations on in-cylinder heat transfer during high-pressure and gas exchange phases as well as heat transfer in the inlet and outlet ports for a number of different engine types (DI Diesel, SI and gaseous fueled engine). The paper contains a comparision of simulation results and experimental data derived from heat flux measurements. Numerical results were obtained from zero-, one- and three-dimensional simulation methods. Time and spatially resolved heat fluxes were measured applying the surface temperature method and special heat flux sensors. The paper also includes an assessment of different sensor types with respect to accuracy and applicability.