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By upcoming new global two wheelers emission legislation, it is expected that it will become more and more challenging to control exhaust emissions. Therefore, not only optimized catalyst specifications to meet OBDII or RDE, but also new components will be required for future applications in two-wheeler exhaust systems. In such applications, beneath applying new components, it is necessary to ensure mountability while maintaining vehicle design but improving function of the exhaust system at the same time. As exhaust system layout of two wheelers is generally strongly limited by many factors, such as steeply bended exhaust pipes and catalysts which are hard to resize, one of the most challenging tasks is the positioning of sensor behind the catalyst, due to two wheelers unique exhaust design.

Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three wheeler industry in developing countries are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. As a contribution Continental Emitec started a comprehensive testing program with a state of the art 180 cc Bharat Stage (BS) III Indian motorcycle. The program consists of testing the state of the art of Metallic substrates with structured foils with various catalyst sizes and positions (original or close coupled). The publication presents a short literature survey and the results of the investigation with a big catalyst volume mounted in underfloor position as well as in close coupled position, gained over the World-wide harmonized Motorcycle Test Cycle, considering the two possible vehicle classifications of this motorcycle, Sub-Class 2.1 and Sub-Class 2.2.

Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three wheeler industry in developing countries are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to maintain them at a low level; and therefore to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. The LS-Design™(Longitudinal Structure) metallic substrates with LS foils have been proved to be capable of improving conversion behavior, even with smaller catalyst size. Specially this developed foil structure, which transforms a laminar exhaust gas flow into a turbulent one, significantly improves exhaust gas mixing behaviour in the catalyst. In this special period of time where BS4 applications will start appearing in the Indian market in the near future, this publication will deal with the experimental results achieved with different metallic substrate foil structures on one leading “state of the art” BS3 four stroke motorcycle technology, developed for the Indian market.

Further advancements in engine development lead to increased fuel efficiency and reduced CO₂ emission. Such low emission engine concepts require most advanced exhaust gas aftertreatment systems for lowest possible tailpipe emissions. On the other hand, the exhaust gas purification by catalytic measures experiences more and more challenges due to constantly reduced exhaust gas temperatures by more efficient engines. These challenges can be overcome by traditional catalyst heating strategies, which are known to increase fuel consumption and emissions. Alternatively, electrically heated catalysts ("EHC") can be utilized to provide a very efficient method to increase gas temperatures directly in the exhaust catalyst. This way the energy input can be tailored according to the component need and the energy loss in the system can be minimized.

More efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two- and three-wheeler industry in developing countries are required at an affordable cost to reduce vehicle emissions, to maintain them at a low level and therefore to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. This particularly is true nowadays, because the demand and prices of Platinum Group Metal (PGM) for catalyst are continuously increasing due to i) the worldwide progressive implementation of motorcycles emission legislations similar to Euro 3 Stage requiring catalysts, ii) the need for non-road diesel vehicles to be equipped now with catalyst systems, and iii) the constant increase of the worldwide automobile market. A new generation of metallic substrates with structured foils for catalytic converters is proven to be capable of improving conversion behavior, even with smaller catalyst size.

On one hand, latest worldwide emissions legislation developments aim to reduce NOx and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions of all diesel engines, while on the other hand lower fuel consumption diesel engines are still required for lower fleet average CO₂ emissions. As a consequence of the chosen CO₂ optimized combustion mode, the raw NOx emission increases and as such Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology will be the future choice for high efficiency NOx aftertreatment. This paper deals with SCR technology and its derivative SCRi® technology, when diesel particle reduction is required, especially for heavy-duty applications. Alongside the developed metal catalyst technologies, a complete SCR reducing agent dosing system is presented. Emission results gained with the SCR or SCRi® technologies on European commercial engines illustrate the potential of these technologies for conversion of NOx and PM emissions.

Future tighter emission limits for 2 wheelers in Europe and worldwide will require a completely new approach in catalyst system design. In particular, the EU5 scenario, probably with the same emission limits as 4 wheelers and, for the first time, emission durability requirements, needs a new strategy to combine higher and durable conversion efficiency with the classical characteristics of 2 wheeler systems: low cost, low weight with minimum impact on exhaust system layout and engine out performances such as low fuel consumption and good power output. This paper deals with the investigation of innovative metallic substrates keeping constant, as a first step towards the development of an EU5 system, both washcoat technology and PGM loading. In particular the effect of turbulent structures in the substrate, using PE (Perforated Foils) and LS (Longitudinal Structure) have been thoroughly investigated in testing 400cpsi PE and LS substrates.

Affordable, efficient and durable catalytic converters for the two and three wheeler industry in developing countries like India are required to reduce vehicle emissions and to maintain them at a low level and therefore to participate in a cleaner and healthier environment. A new generation of metallic substrates with structured foils for catalytic converters has been proven capable of improving conversion behavior even with smaller catalyst size. Specially developed foil structures which transform a laminar exhaust gas flow into a turbulent one, which significantly improve exhaust gas mixing behavior in the catalyst. This publication will deal with the analysis of different metallic substrate foil structures for the catalyst conversion performance for the leading “state of the art” four stroke 150 cm3 motorcycle technology developed for the Asian market.

This paper gives a thorough review of the HC/CO emissions challenge and discusses the effects of different diesel oxidation catalyst designs in a pre turbine and post turbine position on steady state and transient turbo charger performance as well as on HC and CO tailpipe emissions, fuel economy and performance of modern Diesel engines. Results from engine dynamometer testing are presented. Both classical diffusive and advanced premixed Diesel combustion modes are investigated to understand the various effects of possible future engine calibration strategies.

Future emission legislation and new diesel engine technology tighten the requirements for modern diesel vehicle exhaust after-treatment systems. In particular, the oxidation catalyst system requires more efficiency to treat increasing raw emissions of HC and CO at low exhaust gas temperatures resulting from advanced combustion processes. This represents a big challenge for all developers today where the cost of raw materials continues to rise. Splitting the oxidation catalyst volume into two parts and mounting a very small part in front of a turbocharger on Euro III or Euro IV Diesel engines has been proved very efficient: Light off and maximum pollutant conversion rates were improved. New results gained with Pre Turbocharger Catalyst (PTC) on a Euro V type diesel engine are confirming previous observations. The complete after-treatment system of today's vehicles should be designed and developed for the whole life of the vehicle.

The new generation of metallic substrates for catalytic converters used in the two and three wheeler industry is capable of improving conversion behavior even with smaller catalyst size. The lowering of production costs due to less use of precious metal is possible. This novel technological application in motorcycle vehicle class improves exhaust emission performance and introduces a new competitive product on the market. Specially developed foil structures, which transform a laminar exhaust gas flow to a turbulent one, significantly improve exhaust gas mixing behavior in the catalyst. This publication is dealing with the analysis of different metallic substrate foil structures for the catalyst conversion performance and the light-off characteristics for the leading state of the art four stroke 150 cm3 motorcycle technology developed for the Asian market.

Further tightened emission legislation and new engine technologies increase the requirements for the exhaust after-treatment system of modern diesel passenger cars. Especially the increasing raw emissions of HC and CO as well as the low temperature of the exhaust gas for a long period during cold start of the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) require additional efforts in the design of the oxidation catalyst system [1]. A highly efficient micro catalyst, which is mounted in front of a turbocharger, can help to treat efficiently these high HC and CO emissions. Due to the higher temperature level in front of the turbine and the significantly increased mass and heat transfer by turbulent flow, efficiency especially during cold start is highly increased. However the packaging constraints are more critical in this area due to heat considerations and also to maintain engine performance.

Modern Diesel Engines equipped with Common-Rail Direct Injection, EGR and optimized combustion technology have been proven to reduce dramatically engine raw emissions both in terms of Nox and Particulate Matter. As a matter of fact the recently introduced FIAT 1.3 JTD 4 Cylinder Engine achieves Euro 4 limits with aid of conventional 2-way oxidation catalyst. Nevertheless some special applications, such as platforms with relatively higher gross vehicle weight possibly yield to PM-related issues. The present paper deals with the development program carried out to design a cost effective aftertreatment solution in order to address particulate matter tailpipe emissions. The major constraint of this development program was the extremely challenging packaging conditions and the absolute demand to avoid any major impact on the system design. The flow-through metal supported PM Filter Catalyst has been extensively tested on the specific vehicle application with aid of roller bench setup.

Nearly all real diesel engines operations are leading to low exhaust temperatures. Standard catalyst technique remains therefore for significant time below light-off. To improve the conversion behavior two approaches were made: placement of tailor-fitted catalysts as close as possible to the engine exhaust port before turbocharger and usage of close coupled catalysts with the so-called hybrid design. Both measures are providing visible progress in reducing diesel engine emissions. Tests were made with modern diesel engines both for passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles.

The influence of physical parameters of the catalyst's substrate such as thermal mass, hydraulic diameter and geometric surface area on catalyst's efficiency is well known as published in numerous works. This paper will show interactions of these parameters and will provide a guideline on how to design the optimum system for a specific application, taking into account system's back pressure and system costs. Based on engine test bench results that show the influence of the physical parameters, the results for the optimized design regarding emission tests and maximum conversion rate at higher loads will be demonstrated.

A study was performed to develop optimum design strategies for a production V6 engine to maximize catalyst performance at minimum pressure loss and at minimum cost. Test results for an advanced system, designed to meet future emission limits on a production V6 vehicle, are presented based on FTP testing. The on-line pressure loss and temperature data serves to explain the functioning of the catalyst.

Nearly all real Diesel engine operation is leading to low exhaust temperatures. Standard catalyst technique remains therefore for significant time below light off. To improve the conversion behavior two approaches were made: placement of tailor fitted catalysts as close as possible to the engine exhaust port before turbocharger and usage of close coupled catalysts with the so-called hybrid design. Both measures are providing visible progress in reducing Diesel engine emissions. Tests were made with modern Diesel engines both for passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles.

Emissions during the useage phase of vehicles are of increasing interest in environmental protection, and consequently, there is considerable interest in exhaust systems. The automotive exhaust system including the catalytic converter is, because of the precious metals in the catalyst, of particular interest for the recycling of automotive parts. The paper will describe the recycling technology of ceramic and metal catalyst substrates. The process will be analyzed in detail with the example of metal supports. As a result the complete life cycle and the recycling efficiency are presented.