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Natural Gas is one of the abundant fuel available on the earth and considered as a one of the cleanest fossil fuels. Most of the studies are conducted on CNG with different blends of hydrogen to improve the efficiency of engine and reduce the emission. However, components safety and its compatibility to these fuels were not studied in depth. Project was taken to understand material compatibility of CNG kit components and framing the National standards which can also be used for providing the inputs to international standards like ISO, ECE etc. Various components have been selected a sample base from CNG fuel kit for this study such as Refilling Valve, High Pressure Regulator and Gas Solenoid Valve, Rigid Pipe, low pressure flexible hose, etc. from renowned manufactures in the country and around the globe.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engine has proved itself to be worthy replacement for diesel in heavy commercial and passenger transport application all over the world. In India, infrastructure development of CNG distribution and stringent emission regulations have increased the interest shown by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) to concentrate to development of CNG vehicles in every segment. Indian cities are fighting pollution due to high vehicle density and since contribution of light commercial vehicles in intra city application is significant, application of dedicated CNG vehicle has been made mandatory. This paper discusses the development of dedicated CNG engine using injection technology meeting the upcoming BS-IV norms. The primary modifications made are in the cylinder head, piston, intake and exhaust systems. The engine being developed for commercial application, the best in class fuel economy is of prime focus.

In recent years the Government of India has supported the use of Liquified Petrolium Gas (LPG) in public and private vehicles. One of the ways to reduce emission is use of alternative fuels. Among alternative fuels, LPG is one of the most promising mainly because of its low exhaust emissions. The papers about LPG used in three wheeler, cars for SI or CI converted to SI engines had been published extensively in the last two decades. The applications of LPG to bi-fuel or single fuel engines are tried widely at this time. But the extensive study of LPG for small SI single cylinder two stroke engine of three wheeler two stroke engine is not reported in depth. This paper describes development of bi-fuel (LPG/Gasoline) concept of a single air cooled 200 CC single cylinder two stroke engine for three wheeler application.

A duel fuel diesel engine is a diesel engine fitted with a dual fuel conversion kit to enable use of clean burning alternative fuel like compressed natural gas. Dual fuel engines have number of potential advantages like fuel flexibility, lower emissions, higher compression ratio, better efficiency and easy conversion of existing diesel engines without major hardware modifications. In view of energy depletion and environmental pollution, dual fuel technology has caught attention of researchers as a viable technology keeping in mind the increased availability of fuels like Compresed Natural Gas (CNG). It is an ecological friendly technology due to lower PM and smoke emissions and retains the efficiency of diesel combustion. Traditionally dual fuel technology has been popular for large engines like marine, locomotive and stationery engines. However its use for automotive engines has been limited in the past due to constraints of limited supply of alternative fuels.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is now looked upon as a leading renewable fuel for vehicles in INDIA due to mounting foreign exchange expenditure to import crude petroleum. Impending stringent emissions regulations for diesel engines, specifically exhaust particulate emissions have caused engine manufactures to once again examine the potential of alternative fuels. Much interest has centred on CNG due to its potential for low particulate and hydrocarbon based emissions and adulteration hostile nature. Significant amount of research and development work is being undertaken in INDIA to investigate various aspects of CNG utilization in different types of engines. This paper discusses the methodology for conversion of a diesel engine to dedicated CNG engine and to make the engine to meet EURO-V norms. The primary modifications are made on the piston, cylinder head, intake manifold, throttle body adaptation and exhaust system.

Dual fuel operating strategy offers great opportunity to reduce emissions like particulate matter and NOx from compression ignition engine and use of clearer fuels like natural gas. Dual-fuel engines have number of potential advantages like fuel flexibility, lower emissions, higher compression ratio, better efficiency and easy conversion of existing diesel engines without major hardware modifications. In view of energy depletion and environmental pollution, dual-fuel technology has caught attention of researchers. It is an ecological and efficient combustion technology. This paper summarizes a review of recent research on dual-fuel technology and future scope of research. Paper also throws light on present limitations and drawbacks of dual-fuel engines and proposed methods to overcome these drawbacks. A parametric study of different engine-operating variables affecting performance of diesel-CNG dual-fuel engines vis-à-vis base diesel operation is also summarized here.

In this paper, the results obtained during the optimization of the dedicated CNG 6-Cylinder naturally aspirated engine are described with the optimization strategy. Most of the diesel engines after conversion to CNG engines are having high valve overlap leading to high HC emission along with less fuel economy and high swirl leads to reduced volumetric efficiency. These issues were examined in detail and experimentation was carried out to assess the effect of low swirl thereby resulting in high flow leading to increase in volumetric efficiency and reduced emissions. The engine variables optimized for CNG operation were the engine compression ratio, ignition timing, spark plug selection, catalytic converter loading, design of first stage regulator with improved heating circuit and second stage pressure regulators, mixer venturi size, power screw setting, and intake/ exhaust system geometry.

The world is facing a twin crisis of environmental degradation and fossil fuel depletion. Alternative fuels are seems to be a promising solution for low exhaust emissions. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a prominent alternative fuel with well developed distributed infrastructure and increasing number of Gasoline engines are now being converted to run on LPG considering the fuel economy and low exhaust emissions. This paper describes the bi-fuel (LPG/Gasoline) concept on a single cylinder engine. Air cooled Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine converted to operate on gasoline engine with electronic ignition system and it is having feature to change the spark ignition timing w.r.t. speed. The compression ratio was also reduced suitable to SI operation. CFD analysis was performed to review and subsequently to increase the cooling capacity of the engine.

The rising demand for cleaner vehicles considering the upcoming stringent emission norms like Euro-IV has promoted development of CNG vehicles. The need for expensive after treatment technologies has imposed constraints on Euro-IV Gasoline and Diesel engine development. On the contrary CNG engines have easily met Euro-III norms with Carburetion technology and Euro-IV and beyond norms with Injection technology. CNG has proved to be a clean and environmentally friendly fuel, significantly improving the ambient air quality of cities. The addition of Hydrogen to CNG has potential to even lower the CNG emissions and is considered to be the first step towards promotion of a Hydrogen economy. Worldwide experts have described Hydrogen as the cleanliest fuel for IC Engines [1, 2 and 3]. Hythane is the patented blend of 15% of Hydrogen in CNG by Energy content. HCNG is the blend of Hydrogen and CNG in varying proportions.

Environmental degradation is on the rise due to the increased motor vehicle population. One of the strategies adopted to curb deteriorating environmental quality is the use of alternative fuels like Ethanol, Compressed natural gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Natural gas is the world's most plentiful combustible fuel, abundantly available in all the continents. This naturally occurring fuel requires little or no treatment prior to use as compared to liquid petroleum products. Natural gas is also the lowest costing fuel. The use of CNG as an automotive-fuel results in significant reduction in the level of vehicular pollutants CO, HC, NOx, SOx, Pb and PM [1, 2, 3 and 4]. Additionally, the use of CNG results in reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2), owing to the lower Carbon-to-Hydrogen ratio of the methane (CH4), as compared to other hydrocarbon fuels [5, 6 and 7].

Present day technology is continuously being upgraded in order to meet demand for cleaner vehicles by meeting stringent emission norms. The other driving force is vehicle performance in terms of drivability, fuel economy and comfort. Gasoline engine meets all the requirements except fuel economy, where in diesel engine has an advantage. The need of the hour is to achieve drivability, comfort and fuel economy of diesel engine. Apart from development of direct injection common rail and hybrid electric vehicle, this need has also caused development of gaseous fuels like LPG. The gaseous fuel could be CNG, LPG or Hydrogen depending upon the availability. This will also help in delay of depletion of fossil fuel reserves. Main features of this technology are its cost effective operation, modular nature and adaptation on old generation of vehicles.

An experimental study was conducted on a carburetted 2-stroke gasoline, 3-wheeler engine for operating on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in bi-fuel mode and further to run on dedicated CNG. Work involved design and development of a gas-air mixer for CNG, pumpless lubrication system for engine, cylinder heads for higher compression ratio, etc. Moreover, the studies for optimising the spark timing for improving CNG engine performance and effect of higher compression ratio on CNG emission, BSFC, etc. was conducted. Performance tests regarding power, BSFC, emission, etc. were conducted on baseline gasoline, bi-fuel CNG and dedicated CNG mode. Engine test bed results show that, on bi-fuel mode power loss is around 14 to 19%, which can be reduced to 5 to 10% in dedicated mode.