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This paper reports on the experimental evaluation of certain aspects concerning the mathematical modelling of pressure wave propagation in engine ducting. A particular aspect is the coefficient of discharge of the various ports, valves or apertures of the ducting connected to the cylinder of an engine or to the atmosphere. The traditional method for the deduction of the coefficients of discharge employs steady flow experimentation. While the traditional experimental method may well be totally adequate, it is postulated in this paper that the traditional theoretical approach to the deduction of the discharge coefficient from the measured data leads to serious inaccuracies if incorporated within an engine simulation by computer. An accurate theoretical method for the calculation of the discharge coefficient from measured data is proposed.

The importance of exhaust system design for three cylinder two-stroke engines is demonstrated using a thermodynamic model developed at The Queen's University of Belfast. The influence of the major exhaust parameters on wide open throttle power and bmep is investigated. In addition, the potential benefits of reed valve induction over piston port induction at low engine speeds are demonstrated for one particular engine configuration.

Previous papers from The Queen's University of Belfast have shown the application of digital computers in simulating the unsteady gas flow and thermodynamic processes in single cylinder engines having various types of exhaust systems. This paper outlines the results of an investigation of twin cylinder engines of the outboard motor type where compact and complex exhaust systems are used to optimise the performance characteristics within a specified package size. Measured and predicted pressure-time histories for the exhaust and open cycle cylinder are presented for a 350cm3, twin cylinder test engine, which has been extensively modified to emulate the porting configuration and performance characteristics of two production outboard motor engines. Also compared are the measured and predicted output performance data for the engines, where all of the predicted data is produced by a new twin cylinder simulation program incorporating a simple constant pressure junction model.

A three cylinder two-stroke cycle diesel engine is proposed for automotive use. The engine is of the simple loop or cross-scavenging type with a crosshead seal and under piston scavenging pump. This paper records the initial investigations of this concept using a purpose built single cylinder engine. Results from different combustion systems are presented together with tests with the same engine when using an external air supply. Measurements from a parallel investigation using a laser doppler anemometer to measure air swirl motion within one of the chambers are also presented.

A three dimensional computational fluid dynamics program is used to simulate theoretically the scavenging process in the loop-scavenged two-stroke cycle engine. The theoretical calculation uses the k - ε turbulence model and all calculations are confined to the in-cylinder region. The calculation geometry is oriented towards five actual engine cylinders which have been tested under firing conditions for the normal performance characteristics of power, torque, and specific fuel consumption. The same five engine cylinders have also been experimentally tested on a single-cycle gas testing rig for their scavenging efficiency - scavenge ratio characteristics. The ranking of the cylinders in order of merit in terms of scavenging efficiency by both the rig and the theoretical calculations is shown to be in good agreement with the evidence provided by the actual firing engine test results.