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Technical Paper

Combination of Dissimilar Overlay Materials for Engine Bearing Life Extension

2024-04-09
2024-01-2066
Nowadays, Bismuth (Bi) is being applied as an overlay material for engine bearings instead of Lead (Pb) which is an environmentally harmful material. Bi overlay has already been a solid performer in some automotive engine sectors due to its superior load carrying capacity and good robustness characteristic which are necessary to maintain its longevity during the lifetime of engines. The replacement is also seen on relatively larger size engines, such as Trucks and Off-highway heavy duty applications. Basically, these applications require higher power output than passenger cars, and the expected component lifecycle becomes longer. Though Bi has similar material characteristic to traditional Pb, it becomes challenging for the material alone to satisfy these requirements. Polymer overlay is known for its superior anti-wear performance and longer lifetime due to less adhesion against a steel counterpart than metallic materials (included Bi).
Technical Paper

Simulation of Crush Behavior and Energy Absorption of Vehicle Li-Ion Battery Module with Prismatic Cells

2024-04-09
2024-01-2492
Lithium-ion batteries serve as the main power source for contemporary electric vehicles. Safeguarding these batteries against damage is paramount, as it can trigger accelerated performance deterioration, potential fire hazards, environmental threats, and more. This study explores damage progression of a commercial vehicle lithium-ion battery module containing prismatic cells under indentation crush loading. We employed computational simulations of mechanical loading tests to investigate this behavior. Physical tests involved subjecting modules to low-speed (0.05 m/s) indentations using a V-shaped stainless-steel wedge, under six unique loading conditions. During the tests, force, and voltage change with wedge displacement were monitored. Utilizing experimental insights, we constructed a finite element model, which included key components of the battery module, such as the prismatic cells, steel frames, and various plastic parts.
Technical Paper

Wheel Hub Cracks of Heavy-Duty Vehicles due to Drum Brake Shoe-Lining Wear, Friction, and Self-Lock

2024-03-21
2024-01-5037
Wheel hubs with drum brakes of heavy-duty vehicles rarely broke, but some suddenly cracked in the 2000s. The cause of damage was said to be a lack of hub strength. However, the case was suspicious because the hubs were produced according to the design guidelines by the JSAE. In the 1990s, brake shoe-lining materials were changed from asbestos to non-asbestos for people’s health. The brake squeal and abnormal self-lock frequently occurred because of the increased friction coefficient between drum and shoe lining in the case of the leading–trailing type. The mechanical friction coefficient changes with the material and the contact angle, which varies with the wear of shoe lining and the drum temperature. In the previous report, the deformation of the wheel hub under the abnormal self-lock was verified by observing the change of hub attitude in model test equipment.
Technical Paper

Analyzing Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy Composites Reinforced with Ceramics

2024-02-23
2023-01-5110
Aluminium composites are remarkably used in automotive, aerospace, and agricultural sectors because of their lightweight with definable mechanical properties. The stir casting route was followed to fabricate cylindrical samples with base aluminium alloy LM4, LM4/SiC, LM4/Al2O3, and LM4/SiC/Al2O3. The tensile strength, compressive strength, hardness, and micro-structural analysis were performed on samples and Finite element analysis (FEA) was adopted to predict the failure modes of composites. The composites experimental results were found to be in line with the FEA results, however, the LM4/SiC/Al2O3 revealed better results on the mechanical properties when compared with other composite configurations. The mechanical properties improvement like hardness 5%-11%, tensile strength 10.26%-20.67%, compressive strength 15.19% - 32.58% and 71.52 - 82.1% reduction in dimension have been achieved in LM4/SiC/Al2O3 composite comparing to base metal.
Technical Paper

Microstructure, Worn Surface, Wear Assessment and Taguchi’s Approach of Titanium Alloy Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites for Automotive Applications

2024-02-23
2023-01-5103
Lightweight materials are in great demand in the automotive sector to enhance system performance. The automotive sector uses composite materials to strengthen the physical and mechanical qualities of light weight materials and to improve their functionality. Automotive elements such as the body shell, braking system, steering, engine, battery, seat, dashboard, bumper, wheel, door panelling, and gearbox are made of lightweight materials. Lightweight automotive metals are gradually replacing low-carbon steel and cast iron in automobile manufacture. Aluminium alloys, Magnesium alloys, Titanium alloys, advanced high-strength steel, Ultra-high strength steel, carbon fiber-reinforced polymers, and polymer composites are examples of materials used for light weighing or automobile decreased weight. The ever-present demand for fuel-efficient and ecologically friendly transport vehicles has heightened awareness of lowering weight and performance development.
Technical Paper

Application of Desirability Approach to Determine Optimal Turning Parameters

2024-02-20
2024-01-5022
Aluminum alloys are employed in agricultural equipment, aerospace sectors, medical instruments, machinery, automobiles, etc. due to their physical and mechanical characteristics. The geometrical shape and size of the parts are modified in turning operation by using a single-point cutting tool. A356 aluminum alloy is widely used in various engineering sectors, hence there is a necessity to produce A-356 components with quality. The inappropriate cutting parameters used in turning operation entail high production costs and reduce tool life. Box–Behnken design (BBD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments such that the experiment trials were conducted by varying cutting parameters like N-spindle speed (rpm), f-feed rate (mm/rev), and d-depth of cut (mm). The multi-objective responses, such as surface roughness (SR) and metal removal rate (MRR) were analyzed with the desirability method.
Technical Paper

Geometry, Sizing and Optimization of Honeycomb Structures along with Embedded Metal Inserts on the Floor for Truck-Mounted Container Applications

2024-01-16
2024-26-0186
With the rise of worldwide trends towards light weighting and the move towards electric vehicles, it is now more important than ever for the automotive industry to develop and implement lightweight materials that will result in significant weight reduction and product improvements. A great deal of research has been done on how to best combine and configure honeycomb cores with the right face sheets for Truck-Mounted Container Applications. Honeycomb structures possess the ability to bring about superior structural rigidity when the core parameters are selected and optimized based on the automotive application requirements.
Technical Paper

Retained Newness of Commercial Vehicle Interiors

2024-01-16
2024-26-0188
Commercial vehicle are exposed to harsh environment conditions like dust, mud, wind, rain, extreme sun and winter throughout. Apart from white goods and other conventional loading these vehicles also used in applications which involve Handling of Dirty Loads, Construction Raw materials, Mining Industry etc. which leads to fast deterioration of Interiors. Also, in most cases drivers are not the owners. Hence due to high cost of Cleaning at dealerships and low Product maintenance awareness amongst Commercial Vehicle Users, on Road Washing & Cleaning by riverside is common practice which leads to early deterioration of Interior trims. This paper deals with the retention of newness of soft trim parts such as headliner, wall trims and carpets. Causes of product deterioration and attributes which influence newness like product appeal, NVH, perceived quality, environmental impact, geometry retention over time etc. have been discussed in detail.
Technical Paper

Investigation of Synchronizer Ring Failure in a Commercial Vehicle Transmission

2024-01-16
2024-26-0383
The commercial vehicles market is dominated by manual transmission, due to lower ownership cost. Generally, commercial vehicles are used in large numbers by the fleet owners. The transmission endurance life is very important to a vehicle owner. On the other hand, driver fatigue can be reduced with a smooth gear change process. The gear change process in a manual transmission is carried out with the help of the synchronizer pack. The crucial function of a synchronizer pack in an automotive transmission is to match the speed of the target gear for smooth gear shifting. In a transmission, the loose and the weakest part is the synchronizer ring. The failure of the synchronizer affects smooth gear shifting and it also affects the endurance life of the transmission. The synchronizer ring can fail due to poor structural strength, synchronizer liner wear, synchronizer liner burning, etc.
Journal Article

TOC

2023-12-18
Abstract TOC
Magazine

SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: December 2023

2023-12-14
Perkins bets big on smaller engine The new 2600 Series 13-liter engine for off-highway machines will do more with less thanks to variable geometry turbocharging. BorgWarner targets more- sustainable e-motors System optimization and lifecycle analysis are key to taking heavy rare earths out of next-gen motors for commercial EVs. Enhancing digital platforms with CT data analysis TE Connectivity gains critical insights using Volume Graphics software throughout design, simulation and manufacturing.
Technical Paper

Austempered Ductile Iron, Green Design Alternative for Circular Economy

2023-11-10
2023-28-0134
In the current scenario, manufacturing of heavier products generates colossal waste, generates more CO2 emission, and negatively affects the environment. Customers not only pay higher product costs but also higher operational costs. This in turn demands the need for more recycling. Advanced high strength materials are a key solution to applications demanding higher strength, stiffness, durability & wear requirement, whereas low density materials like aluminium and magnesium won’t be a sustainable choice. With more and more battery electric & fuel cell vehicles, “light weighting” is a key priority. Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) has a great advantage of superior mechanical properties compared to conventional ductile iron, aluminium alloys and even some steel forgings. Typically, ADI is used for high wear applications, whereas this paper will demonstrate the potential of using ADI for Structural applications.
Magazine

SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: August 2023

2023-08-10
Enhancing truck-sensor modularity Kodiak Robotics' fifth-generation sensor stack and new SensorPods boost sensor and GPU performance and improve power efficiency. Bosch high on hydrogen The supplier is committed to all facets of the H2 economy as volume production of its power module kicks off for Nikola's Class 8 fuel-cell truck. Constructing bus structures with stainless steel Outokumpu and collaborators show a possible weight reduction of up to 35% by using high-strength stainless steel in place of carbon steel. Volta Zero is U.S. bound The startup plans to apply lessons learned in Europe to the U.S. market, bringing a "small fleet" of electric trucks for potential customers by the end of the year.
Standard

Cast Shot and Grit Size Specifications for Cleaning and Peening

2023-06-27
CURRENT
J444_202306
This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to blast cleaning and shot peening and provides for standard cast shot and grit size numbers. For shot, this number corresponds with the opening of the nominal test sieve, in ten thousandths of inches1, preceded by an S. For grit, this number corresponds with the sieve designation of the nominal test sieve with the prefix G added. These sieves are in accordance with ASTM E11. The accompanying shot and grit classifications and size designations were formulated by representatives of shot and grit suppliers, equipment manufacturers, and automotive users.
Book

Composite Materials Handbook, Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

2023-06-13
Polymer Matrix, Metal Matrix, and Structural Sandwich Composites 6-Volume Set: Volume 1: Guidelines for Characterization of Structural Materials Volume 2: Materials Properties Volume 3: Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis Volume 4: Metal Matrix Composites Volume 5: Ceramic Matrix Composites Volume 6: Structural Sandwich Composites This 6-volume set includes critical properties of composite materials that meet specific data requirements, as well as guidelines for design, analysis, material selection, manufacturing, quality control, and repair. This newly-updated engineering reference tool, part of the Composite Materials Handbook (CMH-17), also contains the latest test data for polymer matrix composites and metal matrix composites, as well as essential material relating to sandwich composites and ceramic matrix composites used in military and commercial vehicles.
Standard

Cartridge Cavity

2023-06-02
CURRENT
J2494/4_202306
This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional data for the manufacture of, T6061-T6 Aluminum cavities designed to receive Push To Connect threadless fittings known as “cartridges“, for air brake applications. This document is not intended to specify or recommend any style or manufacture of such cartridges but to establish uniform cavity dimensions for interchangeability purposes.
Technical Paper

Characterization of TiN Precipitates and It’s Morphology in Spring Steel for Commercial Vehicle Leaf Spring Suspension

2023-05-25
2023-28-1317
Leaf springs are used for vehicle suspension to support the load. These springs are made of flat sections of spring steel in single or in stack of multiple layers, held together in bracketed assembly. The key characteristics of leaf spring are defined as ability to distribute stresses along its length and transmit a load over the width of the chassis structures. The most common leaf spring steels are carbon steels alloyed with Cr and micro-alloyed with Ti, V and Nb. The specific thermomechanical process and alloying elements result in specific strength and fatigue properties for spring steels. The unique properties which facilitate use of spring steel in leaf spring suspensions are ability to withstand considerable twisting or bending forces without any distortion. The microstructure of these steel determines the performance and reflects the process of steel manufacturing. The performance is mainly determined by evaluating fatigue life durability.
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