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As part of a graduate program in engineering administration, a class of 16 experienced engineering managers were offered a course in methods used by academic researchers to study the research and development process. The academic researcher's development of propositions which he then tests through field study or experiment was presented as a method analogous to the design and testing process which the engineer uses for solving technical problems. Each engineering manager selected a management problem which he was concerned with, developed his propositions, and tested them under laboratory conditions. The class was able to use this method in evaluating management problems and proposed solutions, but, as of the time of this report, no field testing has been accomplished.

Engineers and scientists concerned with the creation of intricate organizations of equipment and people have evolved numerous useful analytical techniques which have become a discipline, the science of systems. Producers of major components for earthmoving and construction machines, as well as customers for complete systems, profit by using proved simulation techniques to predict and to optimize overall performance before making major investments in hardware. Research managers can utilize such system-oriented techniques to develop forecasts of technological objectives and to plan, organize, and evaluate complete research programs. Methods being evolved will enable them to integrate more rationally such incommensurate factors as psychological, social, political, and economic values.

Successfully moving up through the managerial ranks creates special problems for engineers. Not only must they learn how to deal with subordinate managers who behave differently from workers, but they must master a basic change of orientation. Inability to make this vital shift severely limits individual potential as well as organizational potential.

The torque converter function, a method of matching engines and converters, and some general factors relating to application of torque converter type transmissions in vehicles are presented. Also, various types of torque converters and torque converter transmissions are reviewed to show how the hydrodynamic transmission concept has been tailored to special duty for special vehicle classes. In obtaining a familiarization with and a speaking knowledge of the terminology associated with torque converter transmissions, the vehicle design engineer will have another tool at his disposal to aid in the preliminary selection of promising vehicle power package components. Thus correlation between the vehicle design engineer and the transmission application engineer can be reduced to a minimum, and a quicker final selection can be effected.

A systems approach towards reducing power losses includes: 1) a flow sensitive hydraulic detent release which automatically returns a control valve to neutral when the cylinder reaches the end of its stroke; 2) a two pump steering system that provides a power savings during small corrections by discharging the large pump flow at low pressure; and 3) the secondary application for a pump in order to avoid increased total system delivery.

The state of the art for in situ methods is not sufficiently developed for commercial recovery of oil from shale, and therefore underground room and pillar mining will probably be the first methods used. However, this will involve equipment that is associated with large scale, open pit mining. Practically all investigations of commercial oil extraction have been confined to relatively thin strata in a small area held by private firms because the formations that range from 1000-2000 ft thickness lie within public lands and are not open to leasing. This paper describes present commercial resources, methods used in extracting oil from shale, and projected development.

A state-of-the-art report on recent progress made by the hose and tube assembly industry, this report includes the latest developments in hose, coupling practices, bent tubing, product reliability, and manufacturing processes and describes how these new concepts are intended to aid the mobile equipment designer. Also included, is a brief insight into future requirements and the problems which must be overcome to reach these goals.

Construction of California's great State Water Project requires moving almost 1/2 billion cu yd of material, enough to construct 137 pyramids the size of the Great Pyramid of Egypt. The state's mushrooming population, which has made it no. 1 in the nation, and the continuing demands of its agricultural industry for more and more irrigation water have led to construction of a multibillion dollar project. Construction of the many dams, power, and pumping plants, and miles of aqueducts has employed large fleets of earth-moving equipment. This paper briefly portrays California's water resource development program; describes in some detail the major construction features of the State Water Project and the role of earthmoving equipment in its construction.

Scientific and technological advances with an assist from the population increase have been instrumental in the creation of more available time for leisure and enjoyment. The design of the Terra-Tiger, a six-wheeled, lightweight, highly maneuverable sports type vehicle was intended to fill a market which would help satisfy the needs of leisure time. The text of this paper describes the vehicle, its operation, and its engineering features.

Many vehicles today use the title All Terrain Vehicle although none of them have true all terrain capabilities. To provide the performance capabilities required and the dependability needed, designers still find it necessary to design for the specific use intended instead of being able to design a universally accepted vehicle for many purposes. The introduction of recently available hydrostatic components and suspension components which eliminate the need for lubrication should extend the versatility and dependability of off-highway vehicles.

This paper discusses the principle of operation and dynamometer test results of a fixed ratio, planetary speed reducer which uses preloaded, lubricated rollers for transmittal of power. The unit features a torque actuated, automatic preloading mechanism which prevents roller slippage even under severe overload and greatly improves reliability, life, and efficiency of the drive. Test results indicate efficient, quiet, and vibration free operation at pitch line velocities up to 30,000 fpm, such as might be encountered in turbomachinery. Examples of roller traction drives ranging from 500 to 3 hp tested in several applications are also briefly discussed.

This paper describes in detail the design of a new concept of an all terrain vehicle. It is new because of its small size, completely flexible rubber tracks, and twin, manually controlled hydrostatic transmissions for fully modulated control of the vehicle. Many configurations for this type of vehicle are outlined and the reasons for selecting the final design are given.

Widening horizons on the social implications of engineering activity are creating new demands on technology. One of the demands on construction vehicle engineering groups is that operators be given reasonable protection against crushing should the vehicle roll over. In this paper the history of such structures is reviewed, basic design considerations are emphasized, and possible evaluation methods are presented.

This paper was written for quick comprehension without the use of mathematics. It is divided into two sections. The first section describes the component fundamentals of a hydrostatic transmission. The second section covers the mechanical controls used on vehicles, which have hydrostatic transmissions, with regard to engine throttle, transmission, steering, service brakes, and parking brakes.

The different types of side impact, the consequential injuries and their relative frequencies, are given from the results of crash injury studies in the United Kingdom. The nature of the injuries sustained are considered in relation to the damage to the car in discussing the mechanism of these injuries. A simple theoretical representation shows that the relative velocity of the car occupant to the inside of the car is the most important feature in side impact accidents. One-fifth of the occupants were injured by intrusion of the side of the car, crushing them against some part of the interior. The location and effect of strengthening car sides and its possible interaction with the striking vehicle are discussed.

A simple and economical testing fixture and method that may be used for determining the static and dynamic coefficients of friction and the operating conditions that cause their variation is described in this paper. Its advantages are compared to those of a partial vehicle test fixture. This testing method could provide a basic set of data that can be properly converted by the designer to predict the response of a clutch or brake in a new application.

An all-electric, weatherized chassis dynamometer has been built utilizing solid state control circuits. The facility allows operation up to 120 mph and can handle all passenger cars (front or rear wheel drive) and single drive axle truck units. Air conditioning allows operation from 40 F up with humidity control as well. Unique instrumentation allows digital readout of all important variables.

The outstanding dry friction characteristics of Teflon TFE can be imparted to a variety of filled and reinforced compositions, many of which offer superior unlubricated wear performance. A logical extension is the application of filled TFE as marginally lubricated or thin film lubricated bearings. Under conditions of very thin film lubrication, some filled compositions of Teflon outperform conventional materials, such as babbitt and bronze. Guidelines for using filled compositions of Teflon with water lubrication are explored. Comparative test results are examined in light of theoretical relationships between thin film lubricated friction and wear performance.

Rear axle tapered roller bearing wear has been studied in bench and car tests, using both commercial and experimental gear lubricants. In bench tests, magnitude of wear was affected by both lubricant additive treatment and lubricant viscosity; increased wear resulted from reduction in viscosity with lead soap-active sulfur and Pb-S-Cl lubricants but not with P-S and Zn-P-S-Cl lubricants. Substantial decreases in wear from one bearing lot to subsequent lots apparently resulted from mechanical improvement in the bearing manufacturing technique. These wear decreases, for a given bearing speed and load combination, were accompanied by decreased temperature and thickness of roller-end surface film formed from the lubricants. In rear axle car tests run as far as 94,000 miles, P-S additive package blends having viscosities as low as 4 cs at 210 F performed satisfactorily, although bearing wear was somewhat greater than that with P-S blends having viscosities of 9 cs at 210 F.

A pin and disc machine has been modified for the evaluation of silver-steel lubrication characteristics of railroad diesel oils. Use of silver pins on polished steel discs at selected loads and rubbing speeds allows good correlation with known engine behavior. In comparison with wear and friction data obtained by the four ball method, this pin and disc test gives better correlation with engine tests than the Modified Four Ball Test.