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Stochastic Preignition (SPI) is an abnormal combustion phenomenon for internal combustion engines (ICE), which has been a significant impact to automotive companies developing high efficiency, turbocharged, direct fuel injection, spark ignited engines. It is becoming clearer what fuel properties are related to the cause of SPI, whether directly with fuel preparation in the cylinder, or mechanisms related to the deposit build-up which contributes to initial and follow-on SPI events. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of global market gasoline fuel properties with special attention given to properties and specific compounds from the fuel and fuel additives that can contribute to SPI and the deposit build-up in engines. Based on a review of the global fuel quality, it appears that the fuel quality has not caught up to meet the technology requirements for fuel economy from modern technology engines.

Stochastic Preignition (SPI) is an abnormal combustion event that occurs in a turbocharged engine and can lead to the loss in fuel economy and engine hardware damage, and in turn result in customer dissatisfaction. It is a significant limiting factor on the use and continued downsizing of turbocharged spark ignited direct injection (SIDI) gasoline engines. Understanding and mitigating all the factors that cause and influence the rate and severity of SPI occurrence are of critical importance to the engine’s continued use and fuel economy improvements for future designs. Previous studies have shown that the heavy molecular weight components of the fuel formulations are one factor that influences the rate of SPI from a turbocharged SIDI gasoline engine. All the previous studies have involved analyzing the fuel’s petroleum hydrocarbon chemistry, but not specifically the additives that are put in the fuel to protect and clean the internal components over the life of the engine.

A gasoline’s chemical composition impacts a vehicle’s sooting tendency and therefore has been the subject of numerous emissions studies. From these studies, several mathematical correlation equations have been developed to predict a gasoline’s sooting tendency in modern spark-ignited internal combustion engine vehicles. This paper reviews the recently developed predictive tool methods and summarizes five years of global market fuel survey data to characterize gasoline sooting tendency trends around the world. Additionally, the paper will evaluate and suggest changes to the predictive methods to improve emissions correlations.

In order to further understand the sequence of events leading to stochastic preignition in a spark-ignition engine, a methodology previously developed by the authors was used to evaluate the propensity of a wide range of fuels to establishing propagating flames under conditions representative of those at which stochastic preignition (SPI) occurs. The fuel matrix included single component hydrocarbons, binary mixtures, and real fuel blends. The propensity of each fuel to establish a flame was correlated to multiple fuel properties and shown to exhibit consistent blending behaviors. No single parameter strongly predicted a fuel’s propensity to establish a flame, while multiple reactivity-based parameters exhibited moderate correlation. A two-stage model of the flame establishment process was developed to interpret and explain these results.

Stochastic or Low-Speed Preignition (SPI or LSPI) is an undesirable abnormal combustion phenomenon encountered in spark-ignition engines. It is characterized by very early heat release and high cylinder pressure and can cause knock, noise and ultimately engine damage. Much of the focus on mitigating SPI has been directed towards the engine oil formulation, leading to the emergence of the Sequence IX test and second-generation GM dexos® oil requirements. Engine design, calibration and fuels also contribute to the prevalence of SPI. As part of a recently completed research consortium, a series of engine tests were completed to determine the impact of fuel composition on SPI frequency. The fuel blends had varying levels of paraffins, olefins, aromatics and ethanol.

The Particulate Matter Index (PMI) is a helpful tool which provides an indication of a fuel’s sooting tendency. Currently, the index is being used by various laboratories and OEMs as a metric to understand the gasoline fuels impact on both sooting found on engine hardware and vehicle out emissions. This paper will explore a new method that could be used to give indication of the sooting tendency of the gasoline range fuels, called the Particulate Evaluation Index (PEI), and provide the detailed equation in its initial form. In addition, the PEI will be shown to have a good correlation agreement to PMI. The paper will then give a detailed explanation of the data used to develop it. Initial vehicle PM/PN data will also be presented that shows correlations of the indices to the vehicle response.

Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) has become the preferred technology for spark-ignition engines resulting in greater specific power output and lower fuel consumption, and consequently reduction in CO2 emission. However, GDI engines face a substantial challenge in meeting new and future emission limits, especially the stringent particle number (PN) emissions recently introduced in Europe and China. Studies have shown that the fuel used by a vehicle has a significant impact on engine out emissions. In this study, nine fuels with varying chemical composition and physical properties were tested on a modern turbo-charged side-mounted GDI engine with design changes to reduce particulate emissions. The fuels tested included four fuels meeting US certification requirements; two fuels meeting European certification requirements; and one fuel meeting China 6 certification requirements being proposed at the time of this work.

The impact of gasoline composition on vehicle particulate emissions response has been widely investigated and documented. Correlation equations between fuel composition and particulate emissions have also been documented, e.g. Particulate Matter Index (PMI) and Particulate Evaluation Index (PEI). Vehicle PM/PN emissions correlate very well with these indices. In a previous paper, global assessment with PEI on fuel sooting tendency was presented [1]. This paper will continue the previous theme by the authors, and cover China gasoline in more detail. With air pollution an increasing concern, along with more stringent emission requirements in China, both OEMs and oil industries are facing new challenges. Emissions controls require a systematic approach on both fuels and vehicles. Chinese production vehicle particulate emissions for a range of PEI fuels are also presented.