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In recent years, the push for reduced product development timelines has been more than ever with significant changes in the automotive market. High electrification, intelligent vehicle systems and increased number for car manufacturers are a few key drivers to the same. The front loading of development activities is now a key focus area for achieving faster product development. From vehicle dynamics point of view availability of subjective evaluation feedback plays a key role in optimization various system specifications. This paper discusses an approach for front loading through parallel development of the tire and vehicle chassis system, using advanced simulation and driving simulator technology. The proposed methodology uses virtual tire models which in combination with real-time vehicle model enables subjective evaluation of vehicle performance in driver-in-loop simulators.

Range anxiety is one of the major factors to be dealt with for increasing penetration of EVs in current Automotive market. The major reasons for range anxiety for customers are sparse charging infrastructure availability, limited range of Electric vehicles and range uncertainty due to diverse real-world usage conditions. The uncertainty in real world range can be reduced by increasing the correlation between the testing condition during vehicle development and real-world customer usage condition. This paper illustrates a more accurate test methodology development to derive the real-world range in electric vehicles with experimental validation and system level analysis. A test matrix is developed considering several variables influencing vehicle range like different routes, drive modes, Regeneration levels, customer drive behavior, time of drive, locations, ambient conditions etc.

Restraint systems in automotives are inevitable for the safety of passengers. Seat belts are one such restraint system in automotives that prevent drivers and passengers from being injured during a crash by restraining them back. Seatbelt on automotives has interface with Body-in-white (henceforth called as BIW) and Trim parts in-order to serve its purpose at vehicle level. One such interface part of seat belt is the web guide, which assists and ensures the nylon web’s smooth motion at different seat track positions. Web-guides on automotives ensure the flawless motion of seat belt web at pillar trim areas. In this paper, we are discussing alternate ways of assisting the seat belt web without the web-guide as a separate part. In-order to assist and ensure the motion of nylon web in its trajectory, we have extended the flange of the pillar trim involved.

The increasing demand for higher specific power, fuel economy, Operating Costs as well as meeting global emission norms have become the driving factors of today’s product development in the automotive market. Substitution of high-density materials and more precise adjustment of material parameters help in significant weight decrease, but it is accompanied by undesirable cost increase and manufacturing complexity. This becomes a challenge for every automotive engineer to balance the above parameters to make a highly competitive design. This work is a part of the Design and Development of 2.2 L, 4 Cylinder TCIC Diesel Engine for a whole new vehicle platform, concentrated on automotive passenger car operation. This paper explains the selection of a suitable cylinder head gasket technology for a lightweight engine that acts as a sealing interface between the cylinder block and cylinder head.

As customers are inching towards adoption of electric vehicles as an alternative to internal combustion engines, automotive OEM’s will have to embrace this change and equip with new product development process. When it comes to Electric Vehicle (EV) in comparison with Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), NVH plays a major differentiator for vehicle refinement. Squeak and rattles will account for 20-25% of overall in-cabin noise source in an electric vehicle, most of which is observed from interior trims. Trims are mounted using small plastic clips which function as attachments and play a significant role in part retention and part integrity during normal operation and in case of any transient events. The engineering specifications for selecting a clip is force in newtons and it is mostly driven by ease of assembly, serviceability, and durability. A single DOF system with a specimen mass is developed and stiffness and damping are calculated based on transmissibility.

In developing countries, manual transmissions are leading the market due to their efficiency and low cost. In a manual transmission, the synchronizers play a vital role in defining the gear shift quality. Manual transmission vehicles are getting refined for a pleasant driving experience. The gear shift quality is one of the unique selling points for the vehicle, so the automakers are focusing on the reduction of the gear shift forces. In a manual transmission, the synchronizers are used to match the speed difference between the upstream and downstream inertia for the gear-shifting process. The synchronizers have conical friction surfaces to generate friction and cone torque. The increase in cone torque reduces the gear shift impulse. The cone torque can be increased with mismatch tolerance in the frictional surfaces. In this technique, two cone angles are used for the frictional surfaces.

In automotive manual transmission gearboxes, the synchronizer rings play a vital role in gear shift operations. The efficiency of the synchronizer ring depends upon the frictional surface geometry. The critical parameter is the synchronizer ring frictional surface circularity. The circularity deviation causes higher synchronizer ring wear and poor cone torque generation. With the current manufacturing methods and the thickness of the synchronizer ring, circularity improvement is a challenge. The synchronizer ring thread turned part is lapped to improve the circularity. Reduction in circularity can be improved by optimizing the lapping operation. In this work, an optimal lapping condition was developed using statistical methods. Taguchi DOE was used to analyze the different parameter combinations along with the noise parameter – different ranges of circularity variation in turning operation. This helps to find the best lapping parameter settings to improve the reduction in circularity.

The brass synchronizers are not resistant to abusive conditions of gearbox operations, but they are very durable and cheap when used on their favorable material property working limit. The main failure which can occur in the gearbox due to the synchronizer is crash noise. During gear shifting the gear crash will create high discomfort for the driver and must apply high force to change the gears. The main factors which contribute to the crash phenomenon are the insufficient coefficient of friction, high drag in the system, and high wear rate of the synchronizer rings before the intended design life of the synchronizer. The brass synchronizers were tested on the SSP-180, ZF synchronizer test rig to know the effect of the synchronizer performance parameters like the coefficient of friction, sleeve force, slipping time as well as durability parameters like wear rate when the operating temperature of the oil is changed.

In manual transmission, the vital function of synchronizer pack is to synchronize the speed of the target gear for smooth gear shifting. The synchronizer pack consists of various elements and each of these elements has specific function. These elements are baulk rings, shifter sleeve, hub, synchro key, synchro springs etc. The function of synchronizer can be affected due to failure of any one of these elements. This work focuses on the failure of synchronizer pack due to synchro spring failure. The function of synchronizer spring is to exert the required force, to index the synchronizer ring before the movement of shifter sleeve over synchronizer ring. During the shifting of shifter sleeve from one gear to another gear, the springs deflect in both shifting directions. This causes fatigue failure of synchronizer springs. The manufacturing variations, and part quality issues results in very early fatigue failure of synchronizer springs.

Internal combustion engine vehicles are major contributors to many environmental and health hazardous emissions and sometimes consume more fuel. New regulations like Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFÉ) norms are coming up and demand lower emissions. Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are committed to bringing various technological advancements in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)powered vehicles to maximize their efficiency. Hence it is important to reduce the loss and improve the fuel economy. This paper explains a new approach methodology used for reducing the gearbox drag by 5- 10 %. This improvement can significantly contribute to the overall efficiency improvement thus carbon footprints of vehicle getting reduced.

Tensile Testing is one of the most used and highly reliable method of mechanical testing to evaluate the tensile properties of the material. However, there is a large scope for discussing the behavior of the metals based on the direction of rolling and the tensile specimen size used for testing. This paper discusses the variation observed in the tensile values along the direction of rolling and traverse to the direction of rolling for S460MC. It also evaluates the variation observed in the values based on the various gauge lengths (GL) commonly used in testing as per international standards (80mm, 50mm and 25mm GL). It is observed that perpendicular to the direction of rolling, the Yield and Tensile strength of the material increase marginally while the Elongation percentage (%E) decreases by a small margin irrespective of the gauge length taken into consideration.

In most cases, the properties of a metal are evaluated in their as rolled condition, prior to any work hardening or bake hardening. But in the Automotive World, these steels get work hardened during the forming process and bake hardened in the paint shop. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the variations in the performance of Dual Phase (DP) steels and understand the most optimized method of testing and property generation. This method can then be used to extrapolate to real automotive components. Dual Phase Steels or DP Steels contain a mixture of Ferrite & Martensite from which they derive their name. They are a part of the advanced high strength and ultra-high strength steels steel family according to World Auto Steels. The Ferrite phase, with its iron content contributes to the material displaying an increased level of ductility whilst, the martensitic phase provides the steel with increased mechanical strength.

The Tractors are inevitable in the world due to its remarkable contribution majorly in farming process and other applications. the farming equipment needs to perform multiple applications to enhance the productivity and increased horsepower demands all-wheel drive (Refer fig. 1) or four-wheel drive option in the tractor. So, it is becoming a mandatory feature. The main objective of this study is, improving the torsional fatigue life in front axle spindle shaft by modifying the spline design and optimizing induction hardening heat treatment process in such a way that the other part of the system will have a minor or no design change. It helps us to reduce the part count variability, lower manufacturing cost and development time.

Highly competitive automotive market demands shorter product development cycle while maintaining higher standards of performance in terms of durability and Noise Vibration & Harness (NVH). Engine cranktrain system is one of the major vibration sources in engine and first torsional mode frequency is a key parameter which influences vibration characteristics. Current CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) workflow for evaluating cranktrain system performance is time-consuming and takes around 55 Hrs. It involves crankshaft geometry cleanup, stiffness calculation, 1D model building and post processing. Over the time, significant historical data has been created while performing this virtual simulation during the product development cycle. Having a trained Machine Learning (ML) model based on this historical data, which can predict first torsional mode frequency accelerates the virtual validation. In this paper, prediction of first torsional frequency of cranktrain system using ML is presented.

Modern day automotive market demands shorter time to market. Traditional product development involves design, virtual simulation, testing and launch. Considerable amount of time being spent on virtual validation phase of product development cycle can be saved by implementing machine learning based predictive models for key performance predictions instead of traditional CAE. Durability oil canning loadcase for vehicle hood which impacts outer styling and involves time consuming CAE workflow takes around 11 days to complete analysis at all locations. Historical oil canning CAE results can be used to build ML model and predict key oil canning performances. This enables faster decision making and first-time right design. In this paper, prediction of buckling behaviour and maximum displacement of vehicle hood using ML based predictive model are presented. Key results from past CAE analysis are used for training and validating the predictive model.

For decades, customer complaints on Squeak & Rattle issues have come as a question of quality for the automotive industry. Squeak and rattle sounds are customer irritants due to their non-patterned and transient nature. Squeak is a friction induced noise that generally occurs because of rubbing of the two materials that are incompatible with each other. While rattle is a phenomenon that occurs due to the impact between the two parts having unintended gap. They are no more secondary noises and avoiding or elimination of these become significant for brand building and warranty cost reduction. Chucking is a form of squeak noise that occurs due to the interaction between uncoated seal to seal. In Swing gate, this phenomenon is seen when seal bulb inner layers are completely compressed. Swing gate have fore-aft modes that are excited due to dynamic responses from different road profiles.

The major area in which the automotive manufacturers are working is to produce high-performance vehicles with lighter weight, higher fuel economy and lower emissions. In this regard, hollow camshafts are widely used in modern diesel and gasoline engines due to their inherent advantages of less rotational inertia, less friction, less weight and better design flexibility. However, the dynamic loads of chain system, valve train and fuel injection pump (if applicable) makes it challenging to design over-head hollow camshafts with the required factor of safety (FOS). In the present work, high-fidelity FE model of a hollow camshaft assembly is simulated to evaluate the structural performance for assembly loads, valve train operating loads, fuel injection pump loads and chain system loads. The investigation is carried out in a high power-density (70 kW/lit) 4-cylinder in-line diesel engine.

The passenger car segment has been extremely competitive and automotive OEMs are thriving to provide superior customer experience. Door closing is an event that requires slamming of the door with a certain velocity to get the door latched. A good latching provides that thud sound and assurance of the door getting closed for an SUV. While the door is closed, it pushes the volume of air inside the cabin. As the amount of air moved in is proportionate to the size of the door it becomes more critical for the SUV segment of vehicles to ensure the air extraction path is efficient. Else, steep pressure rise inside the cabin causes severe discomfort to the passengers sitting inside the vehicle. Current work focused on the process of simulation of cabin pressure while door closing, implementing changes based on results and validating with test results. Test results are in close correlation with simulation predictions.

Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulations are an integral part of the product development process in an automotive industry. The conventional approach involving pre-processing, solving and post-processing is highly time-consuming. Emerging digital technologies such as Machine Learning (ML) can be implemented in early stage of product development cycle to predict key performances without need of traditional CAE. Oil Canning loadcase simulates the displacement and buckling behavior of vehicle outer styling panels. A ML model trained using historical oil canning simulation results can be used to predict the maximum displacement and classify buckling locations. This enables product development team in faster decision making and reduces overall turnaround time. Oil canning FE model features such as stiffness, distance from constraints, etc., are extracted for training database of the ML model. Initially, 32 model features were extracted from the FE model.

In order to sustain in automobile industry, fuel economy and robustness are playing vital role in vehicle. Every gram of weight will have an impact on fuel economy, thus burning a hole in consumers pocket and contributing heavily to the carbon footprint. Composite material development plays important role in meeting the stringent self-imposed targets of the automotive manufacturers and light weighting is becoming a prime option for improving Fuel Economy. The main objective of this paper is to optimize the weight of the luggage lid floor and reduce its cost without compromising on the strength by changing the raw material and manufacturing process. This part is in trunk compartment of the vehicle. Main function of this part is to withstand the luggage load under various user loading patterns at varied temperature and while driving on different road conditions.