Search Results

This paper discusses the legislative situation regarding type approval of plug-in hybrid vehicles (also known as off-vehicle charging hybrid-electric vehicles, OVC-HEV) in the range of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. A range of tests were conducted on two Euro 6d-complaint OVC-HEVs to quantify emissions. Procedures were based on EU legislative requirements. For laboratory (chassis dyno) testing, two different test cycles and three different ambient temperatures were used for testing. Furthermore, in some cases additional measurements were performed, including measurement of emissions of particulate matter and continuous analysis of regulated and unregulated pollutants in undiluted exhaust. Consumption of electrical energy was also monitored. On-road testing was conducted on the test vehicle tested on the chassis dyno in the tests mentioned above, as well as on a second OVC-HEV test vehicle.

Particles are one of the pollutants that affect air quality. The assessment of air pollution degree is conducted, among others, on the basis of parameters regarding the mass concentration of particles (PM2.5 and PM10). The growing awareness of the processes accompanying particles emissions is causing a growing interest in their other parameters such as number and diameter. Particles dimensions are important in determining their impact on human health. The most dangerous are particles of the smallest size; characteristic for internal combustion engines, mainly jet engines. The assessment of individual means of transport from the point of view of their ecological aspects is carried out in relation to fuel consumption, while in the case of particles; the analysis must be extended by their individual parameters. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of particles emissions from a jet engine during stationary tests.

Hydrogen Fuel-Cell (HFC) technology is popular in Asia (mainly Japan), the US (chiefly California) and Europe. HFC is mostly used in passenger cars and urban buses. HFC technology is also being introduced to railway transport. Hydrogen-powered trains are an attractive alternative to diesel trains, in particular on nonelectrified railways - where roughly 70% of the world’s 200 000 locomotives operate today - and in the markets of Europe and the US (together about 55 000 diesel locomotives today). Besides avoiding carbon emissions, hydrogen trains reduce noise and eliminate local emissions of NOX and particulates. Since they use significant amounts of hydrogen, the required infrastructure is limited and can be immediately utilised. Hydrogen-powered trains are already being introduced for light-rail vehicles and regional railways - such as the trams produced by the China South Rail Corporation.

The paper describes the measurement of PM emission from an excavator engine under actual operating conditions. The exploration of the relations between the engine operating parameters and its emissions requires measurements under actual conditions of engine operation. The specificity of the emission measurements, PM in particular, requires technologically advanced measuring devices. The situation gets even more complicated when, beside the PM mass. The particle size distribution and number (PN) also need to be measured. An important technical issue is the difficulty in fitting the measurement equipment in/on the vehicle in operation (e.g. excavator), which is why the presented investigations were carried out in a laboratory under simulated operation. The laboratory technicians applied load to the engines through the excavator hydraulic system.

The paper presents the results of tests on a combustion engine of an armored modular vehicle 8x8 Rosomak under combat simulating conditions. For the measurements of the toxic compounds a portable SEMTECH DS analyzer by SENSORS was used. The analyzer allowed a measurement of toxic compounds at the same time measuring the mass flow rate of the exhaust gases. The analysis of the PM emission was performed based on the measurement of the size of the particulate matter (analyzer 3090 EEPS - Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer™ Spectrometer - by TSI Incorporated) and counting of the particles (analyzer Particle Counter by AVL). The measurements of CO, HC, NOx, PM and fuel consumption were performed under the conditions of combat simulation and in the overboost mode. Based on the obtained results, an analysis of the engine and vehicle operation was performed and the on-road and unit exhaust emissions as well as on-road and unit fuel consumption were compared.

In order to measure the concentration of exhaust a mobile analyzer SEMTECH DS by SENSORS Inc and particle matter by TSI was used. In the study the results of the vehicle emission tests in the road conditions were presented as this was the only way to obtain the information on real vehicle emissions. They include information on the emissivity of the vehicles in operation and deal with the real conditions of the vehicle motion. Reliable measurement results were obtained which were verified in simulated conditions on a chassis test bed. The obtained data were used to specify the dependence characteristics for the influence of the dynamic engine properties on the exhaust emissions. The dynamic engine properties were indirectly taken into account using all the speed range and the range of acceleration calculated for the city traffic in order to prepare a matrix of emission intensity.

The article shows the results of particulate matter emissions obtained in the ESC cycle. In order to carry out the tests different devices were applied for the measurement of particular matter (AVL Smart Sampler - measurement by means of a gravimetric method of a partial exhaust smoke dilution, Horiba Mexa 1220 PM - measurement with the use of two flame ionizing detectors), which were then compared to the smokiness values (AVL 415 - measurement of exhaust smoke values, Opacimetr 439 - measurement of exhaust opacity). Having compared the obtained correlation results, main relationships of fractional composition of particular matter, obtained in the tests, were defined.

The aim of this work was a preliminary discernment of the possibility of application of Pd-Au-Ag-Ni-Co (non Pt) nanometric, powder alloy as an active part of a new PM filter. The hollow part structure of TiO2-x-RuO2-x has been proposed as the active layer on the catalyst support, composed of SiC. This structure is used in the catalyst technology. The washcoat of TiO2-x-RuO2-x has been obtained by the Flame Spray Pyrolysis Deposition method (FSPD). The influence of the preparation conditions such as: flow velocity, salt concentration, temperature and process atmosphere on the size and shape of TiO2-x-RuO2-x particles has been determined. The catalyst alloy contains nanoparticles of Pd-Au, which encapsulated the nanoparticles of Ag and Ni. Such prepared nano-particles containing noble metals or metals 4d (Ni, Co, Ag), show high tolerance to sulfur and good reversible properties. The atoms of Pd prefer five coordinated sites of Ti for adsorption.

The great reduction in future diesel engine emission limits, especially PM and NOx, forces one to develop means to comply with stringent legislation. Environmentally friendly fuels are regarded as a very effective means to decrease emissions. Although the emission reduction is less than could be achieved by the most modern engine technology or alternative fuels, the immediate net effect of reformulated diesel fuel on emissions is significant, as it takes place over the whole vehicle population. The experimental results presented in this paper were obtained within a research program investigating the effect of different fuels upon emissions from compression-ignition automotive engines. The research were carried out in the laboratories of the BOSMAL Automotive R & D Centre in co-operation to Institute of Internal Combustion Engines at Poznan University of Technology. The partial results of this research program were presented in SAE Paper 2002-01-2219.

The motor vehicle is one of the main sources of pollutant emissions, especially in urban areas. Environmentally friendly fuels are regarded as very effective means to decrease emissions. With regard to diesel engines, the reduction in nitrogen oxides and particulates are major problem areas. Although the fuel influence on NOx is comparatively low, the composition and parameters of diesel fuel have a big influence on particulate emissions and composition. Sulphur content is one of fuel proprieties, which has the most considerable influence on particulates. This paper describes results of the research on particulate emissions from diesel engines fuelled with research fuels of differing sulphur content. The sulphur content of the research fuels varied from 2000 ppm through 350 ppm (EURO III) and 50 ppm (EURO IV limit, which will be in force in the European Community from 1 January 2005) up to less than 5 ppm.